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Chapter 6- Deaf Identities - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 6- Deaf Identities
Deaf Identities
Individuals that consider themselves culturally deaf, usually use ASL or the signed language of their country.
These people usually live a "Deaf" way of life, they socialize with each other, and they get support from each other.
Personal Identities- start within a family origin. This teaches the person about the families cultural and ethnic heritage. A deaf family will absorb deaf culture. After being in school and in the community the person will start using sign language and English.
Core Identity- can be identified or described by attributes that belong to and describe an individual. Some unique characteristics (e.g. DNA signature, footprint) are immediately measurable at birth
Disability Framework
This happens when parents do not encourage sign language or deaf identity.
They found that Deaf people who were best-adjusted would best fit the "dual identification" category. They would identify with both the hearing and deaf worlds.
Hearing Identification- able-bodied
Deaf Identification- disabled
Dual Identification- identification with both able-bodied and disabled worlds.
Social Identity Theory
Tajifel (1981) suggests that group relationships and social orientations are important for identity.
If they are not comfortable in their minority status he/she will not join the minority group.(out-group) If he/she becomes comfortable they will join the minority group. (in-group)
The deaf people who are surrounded by hearing people feel like they do not "belong to a group"
Deaf Identity Development Framework
Stage 1- Culturally Hearing- Being deaf is seen as a medical problem to be fixed. It is better to conform to how hearing people act with each other and had to follow hearing culture. This means focusing on spoken language, not signed language, and trying to be able to understand speech through hearing aids or cochlear implants. There may be denial about being deaf.
Stage 2- Marginal- The person has trouble connecting with hearing or deaf people. There is little connection with either hearing or Deaf cultures.
Stage 3- Immersion- There is enthusiastic embrace of everything Deaf.Deaf culture is the best. Hearing culture is rejected.
Stage 4- Bicultural- There is a balanced perspective about both Deaf and hearing cultures. The person can comfortably interact in both Deaf and hearing cultures. Strengths and weaknesses in both cultures are recognized.
Glickman's Theory of Deaf Identity Development
Acculturation Model
Four Different Acculturation Strategies
Assimilation Strategy- Give up the home culture identity and work to fully interact with the new culture.
Separation Strategy- Hold on to the home culture identity. Avoid interacting with the new culture.
Integration Strategy- Hold on tot he home culture identity. Avoid interacting with the new culture.
Marginalization Strategy- Little interests in the maintaining cultural identity with either the home culture or the new culture.
The Narrative Approach
Phase 1: Taken-for-Granted Phase- Taking for granted I am like hearing people. Even if I meet deaf persons, I still feel like I am like hearing people.
Phase 2: Alienation Phase- Acknowledging that hearing people don't understand them.
Phase 3: Affiliation Phase- I start to recognize deaf as an identity and want to connect with Deaf people as we understand each other. Hearing people become different.
Phase 4. Deaf-in-My-Own-Way Phase- I am more comfortable with both Deaf and hearing people. I try to help hearing people understand me as a Deaf person.
Intersectionality
Even the Deaf community is diverse.
There differences are because of race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientations, and family beliefs.
Intersectionality is defined as how race, class, gender, and other individual characteristics intersect and create the potential for overlapping discriminatory experiences.
Being deaf and part of another minority brings out the feeling of oppression.This is considered an oppression overlay.
Race/Ethnicity
One of the first identities that a child has when born, other than gender.
The kids constantly absorb the parents emotions and various activities.
The deaf child sees how their parent reacts to "something" in the environment like sounds or spoken worlds, but the deaf child cannot respond to it.
Once the parents and child notice that they can not react to the sounds or voices they start to to internally labels themself as deaf.
How well the internalization goes is up to the reactions of the parents, support from the environment, and the reaction of people who the child sees. The child could feel culturally deaf if they see any other children who are also deaf, but specifically culturally Deaf children.
Usually the racial/ethnic minority occur/develop at the same time as the Deaf identity.
Some people can integrate racial/ethnic identity and deaf identity, which means they have accepted it and are proud of it. This also allows them to be more confident in themselves which helps them communicate with hearing people, signing people, other races, etc.
Sexual Orientation
This is when you are Deaf but also you are gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or Asexual.
It is hard to have a different sexual preference than the norm, but being deaf as well is even more hard to find someone who is like them in both aspects, especially if they are in another minority too like a different race/ethnicity.
Once the person is in the Deaf community and have that "home" established first, they can find an LGBTQA member of the deaf community.
To be Deaf, LGBTQA, and of an ethnic minority status means dealing with a lot of self acceptance and intersectionality issues related to each minority status. You have to hope others will accept them and support you, if not the coming out process can be quite hard.
Disability
Proximately 40% to over 50% of the deaf and hard-of-hearing people have additional disabilities.
These disabilities could be anything from cerebral palsy, blindness, autism, amputation, and intellectual or cognitive disabilities, among others.
These disabilities will affect communication and social opportunities.
These individuals may not be accepted by the Deaf community because of these disabilities.
Some cultures hide disabilities and some even reject them.
Some of these individuals have to rely on significant others, caretakers, parents, etc. to take care of them and their daily living needs and their information. If these people do not accept them they will have a difficult time developing a sense of trust in themselves and a strong identity that includes their additional disability, their being deaf, and everything about themselves.
Deaf people may consider themselves as their own population.
These individual may wish to get rid the part of them that is unaccepted int heir society, while others may embrace it.
These people may also start their own groups with their disabilities.
Conclusions
De Clerck (2018) observes that "Deaf identities are increasingly understood as part of complex, multilayered, and dynamic identities" (p. 488)
USE THE CONCLUSIONS IN PAPER, ESPECIALLY TO START THERE IS GREAT SUMMARY INFO HERE ABOUT EVERYTHING.. ALL THE ADDITIONAL IDENITITES, MINORITIES, INTERSECTIONALITIES
Racial Identity Development Framework
Being both deaf and in a racial minority i shard for these people. You feel like it is hard to fit in either group.
Individuals may believe they have been brainwashed by the majority culture.
Stage 1- Preen-counter or Conformity- believes that one should integrate into the majority culture. This means conforming to its values. Most often this means conforming to white culture values.
Stage 2- Dissonance/ Encounter- The person experiences or hears about discrimination. There is realization that conforming to the majority culture is not going to work. The person starts the process of thinking differently about her or his racial/cultural identity.
Stage 3- Resistance and Immersion- The person supports only the minority culture and goes against the majority culture. Racism, oppression, and discrimination are important topics. Feelings are very strong.
Stage 4- Internalization/Introspection- The minority identity is internalized and appreciated. The person now feels more comfortable about reaching out to other groups.
Stage 5- Integrative Awareness- Can appreciate oneself, feels secure inside, and can appreciate other cultural. Recognizes the strengths and problems in each culture.
Acculturation Model
Five Domains of Acculturation for Deaf and Hearing Cultures
Cultural Identification- Psychological identification with deaf or hearing people. Who are you most comfortable with? Deaf or Hearing people?
Cultural Involvement- How much is one involved in Deaf cultural activities or in hearing cultural activities?
Cultural Preferences- Do you prefer to be with Deaf or with hearing people?
Language Competence- How well does one sign and understand a signed language, for example, ASL? And how well does one speak and understand the spoken language, for example, English?
Cultural Knowledge- How well do you know Deaf culture, such as favorite jokes? Hearing culture such as nursery rhymes?