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Explain how social changes affect policy development - Coggle Diagram
Explain how social changes affect policy development
social values, norms and mores
values - general principles, beliefs or guidelines about how we should live our lives. right and wrong, good and bad.
norms - socially accepted standards about how we are expected to behave in specific situations, can be informal or unwritten rules.
often based off of values
mores - very basic, essential norms that society, vital for maintaining standards of decency and civilised behaviour. most important moral rules. going against mores result in the likely hood in being punished.
Public perception of crime: drink driving
1925 - first law was passes making driving while drunk an offence. no clear definition of drunk. left to police and courts to decide whether someone was fit to drive.
car ownership increased.
1951 - 15% of households had a car.
1971 -55% of households had a car.
= more deaths
1966 - all cars fitted with a seatbelt.
1967 - Road Safety Act introduced a blood alcohol limit of 80mg per 100ml of blood.
1968 - breathalysers introduced at the road side.
1983 - High Risk Offender scheme was introduced for convicted drivers. had to undergo a medical before license was returned.
1991 - causing death by driving while under the influence was introduced. prison sentence up to 5 years.
changing perception - public perception began to change. road safety become more of a public concern.
breathalysers - this with advertisement helped to reduce road deaths by over 1,100 and serious injuries by 11,000. proportion of accidents where alcohol was involved fell 25% to 15%.
only about 5% of road casualties involve alcohol.
campaigns
targeted young men and other specific groups.
THINK! survey showed there was a massive difference in drivers attitudes about drink driving.
Brake want the alcohol limit to be lowered to 20mg. over half of the drivers agree in 2016.
Demographic changes: immigration and racism
1945 - fewer than 20,000 non-white residents in the UK.
demographic changes - 1950s-1960s, non-white immigrants came from former British colonies. Recently, people have come from Eastern Europe. in search of economic opportunities, often filling jobs.
the Windrush generation
faced hostility, with white people holding racist stereotypes, i.e. dirty, diseased or criminal.
discrimination - immigrants often met with discrimination in housing, employment and services. 1956, 1.5% of whites were willing to rent to a black tenant. churches turned away black families to avoid upsetting the white worshippers.
legal to discriminate = exploitation by landlords, low-paid, low-skilled jobs.
the Race Relations Act
1965 passed. banned racial discrimination in public
a further act in 1968 outlawed discrimination in the key areas of employment, housing and public services.
replaced by 1976 Race Relations Act, strengthened the law on:
direct discrimination
indirect discrimination
2010 - Equality Act, overseen by the Equality and Human Rights Commision
cultural changes
since 1960s = decline in prejudice attitudes towards ethnic minorities.
ethnic minorities said that the level of racial prejudice is lower than in 1968.
public perception of crime - change in public perception of discrimination and race hate as crimes. more likely to accept these as criminal offences
reasons for change
partly due to the changes within law
decline in prejudice attitudes may be due to mixing of children of different backgrounds at school, workplace contact with other people from other ethnicities.
continuing discrimination
as well as racism, there is islamphobia and antisemitism towards Jews.
Cultural changes and LGBT rights
before 1960s
same sex activities condemned as immoral and was severely punished by the law.
1533 - Buggery Act made sodomy punishable by death until 1835.
1954 - over 1,000 men in prison post war for being gay, including war time code breaker Alan Turing. committed suicide
decriminalisation: the 1967 Act
committee established under Sir John Wolfenden to review law. Insisted that men aged 21 or over should be allowed to have sexual activity in private. became law 1967.
Campaign for Homosexual Equality played important part in lobbying for change.
changing values and attitudes
2/3 population see nothing wrong with same sex relationships. see this in other cultural changes; individualism, equal rights and secularisation
individualism - right to choose how to live life, as long as it doesn't interfere with other people. central value in today's society
equal rights - growth of women's rights, equal treatment regardless of race, colour or religion.
secularisation - decline in people believing in religion. Religion used to oppose homosexuality but some churches nowadays are welcoming to it.
further legal changes
equal age of consent - 21 to 18 in 1994 and 18 to 16 in 2000.
civil partnerships - same sex couples introduced on 2005, 2018 the government proposed to make civil partnerships available.
same-sex marriage - 2013 Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act.
transgender rights
regarded as a medical condition, attitudes and values have changed rapidly. acceptance of individuals choosing to decide their gender.
2004 Gender Recognition Act enables people to change their gender, acquire a birth certificate and recognise their acquired sex in law for all purposes.
requires to present evidence to a committee and have to transition for two years in order to obtain certificate.
2018 people could self-declare their gender.
continuing discrimination - still face discrimination. 1 in 5 gay people and 2 in 5 trans people experience hate crime every year.