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Scottish Topic - Coggle Diagram
Scottish Topic
Domestic Impact of the War on Industry and Economy
Post-war emigration
Skilled labourers - Canada had two full time agents recruiting emigrant Labour
Empire Settlement Act 1922 - subsidies to emigrants
Charities - organised emigration for orphans
Rural Scotland emigration - land issue and land raids
Unemployment, overcrowding and poor housing
conditions
in industrial areas -
Scotland has the highest
rate of emigration
in Europe during the war
1920s emigration flood - 16,00 left the Highlands - 1/3 eventually returned
Immigrants
1920s 3/10 migrants to New Zealand came from Scotland escaping depressed industrial areas of central Scotland
Post-war economic change and difficulties
Mining
Mines given back to profit-driven owners and received no investment
Shipyards
suffered manpower and material shortage, no orders and labour strikes
Foreign competition increased for
steels
, Scots unable to compete
Jute
prices collapsed due to Calcutta competition, many first liquidated
Fishing
foreign market collapse from Germany and Poland, British fleets competed with European countries and herring was no longer profitable as government rules made the prices drop
When
trade
resumed after the war, home-grown food supplemented with cheap foreign imports like tinned fruit from Austrailia
Shipbuilding decline - between 1921 and 1923, tonnage built on the Clyde went down from 510,000 to 170,000
Shipbuilding
facing competition from foreign yards + trade depression in 1925 and General Strike of 1926 delayed recovery in orders
Effects of war on industry, agriculture and fishing
Jute
Before - facing competition from India, prominent in Dundee
During - demand soared (sandbags)
After - decline, Calcutta took over
Agriculture
During - Initially horses were taken for war effort and farm workers signed up, but wages got higher and wool needed for soldiers blankets and uniforms
After - machines began to replace workers and animals, government no longer helped with prices
Before - doing well, relied still on imports
Shipbuilding
Before - 14% of male working population dependent on shipbuilding
During - Warship orders meant that industry boomed in Glasgow (Clyde)
After - Orders dropped, rising unemployment
Coal/Iron/Steel
Before - expanding of industry, growing competition from foreign coal producers
During - Coal exports stopped, mines taken under government control to produce war weapons
After - demand decreased, 100,000 men unemployed in Scotland in 1920s
Fishing
During - Navy took over fishing, U-Boats prevented UK boats
After - lost out to foreign competition
Before - herring booms and foreign markets
Land issue in Highlands and Islands
Shortage
of decent land before the war, even with the tenure since 1886
1919 Land Settlement Act - released funds to buy private land, but there wasn't enough money and the process was slow
Ex-service men
expected land they had been promised as a reward for fighting when they came back, but it wasn't available
Land raids - protest to seize land people claimed to theirs, Lewis, Uist and Skye
The shortage of land lead to more
poverty
, with everything exacerbated by the war
Government
couldn't purchase land even with the 1919 Land Settlement Act due to post war economic conditions
Propaganda
posters encouraging Highland men to fight for their land and homes made a link between Highland men and their land
Some
landowners
promised gifts of land from their own estates to men joining up
Domestic Impact of the War on Politics
The impact of the war on political developments as exemplified by the growth of radicalism, the Independent Labour Party and Red Clydeside
1922
- breakthrough as 10 out of 15 Glasgow seats were won by ILP Red Clydesiders
First phase of
Red Clydeside
- triggered by conflict between engineers and ministry of munitions over dilution & Second phase - conflict in George Square, fears of a Communist revolution (red flag)
RoPA
1918 - all men over 21 and some women over 30 voters - electorate from 779,000 in 1910 to 2,205,000 in 1918 - most new male voters working class
ILP in Scotland - 1/3 of ILP members came from Scotland, 300 branches in Scotland out of 1000 in Britain
CPGB
formed in 1920, more than a quarter members are Scotland
CWC - protect workers rights, supported Red Clydeside and formed by trade union leader Willie Gallacher, David Kirkwood and John MacLean
Support for Labour from women - National Federation of Women Workers (trade union) membership increase from 10,000 to 50,000
Support for Labour from Irish
Catholics
- execution of IRA leaders by Liberal Government after 1916 rebellion seen as harsh
Continuing support for political unionism
Other parties - Labour support home rule but low priority, Conservatives 30% of vote and are pro union (no longer rural party), CPGB now set up and are pro union
After war - Liberals split and in decline, Labour had other priorities
Liberals
only party committed to home rule, suffered decline in WW1
1920s
economic problems meant Scots wanted security from union, experience of war gave a sense of belonging
No
nationalist groups
in Scotland before WW1, C&U party mainly against home rule
Social benefits of union - pension, national insurance and council housing
Scottish
home rule association
emerged in 1880s - Liberal party in favour before the war
C&U growth - attracted middle class city voters, recovered from poor pre-election results
Crisis of Scottish identity
May 1928 - NPS formed by Roland Muirhead and John MacCormick - both former ILP members
Kilted regiments
brought sense of seperate Scottish identity - however soldiers fought for Britain
Low support - only received 3000 votes in 1929 GE, less than five percent each
Scottish soldiers
felt shared experience with Britain with suffering, loss and victory in WW1
Scottish
Home Rule bills
of 1924 and 1927 went nowhere
Lack of resources and leadership from England and Empire led to mass
emigration
from Scotland
Inter-war
lead to high unemployment and poverty, some believed union was no longer beneficial to Scotland
Scottish cultural renaissance
from 1920, reaction to 'kailyard' arguing that Scots had an over sentimental view of their history
Scots on the Western Front
Why Scots volunteered
Joined TA
- part time basis and be called up for war
Cyclical unemployment
- skilled workers (shipbuilder etc) worked when there were orders
Boring jobs
- Robert Irvine, grocery assistant, wanted away from boring job to see the country
Military tradition
- developed in Victorian times, soldiering in their blood, pride from Wars of Independence and Jacobite rebellions
Pipe bands
- went round cities recruiting, encouraging men to join up
Local regiments
- central belt proud to be in Argyle and Sutherland Highlanders
Pressure from employers
- 11th Earl of Wemyss threatened to dismiss estate workers between 18 and 30 who didn't enlist
Kitchener's recruitment campaign
- famous recruitment poster, hoping to train a million soldiers by 1917
Experiences
Daily routine
- soldiers rotated between front-line positions and billets in the rear to keep up morale - longest a Black Watch soldier spent in the front-line trenches was four days
Shelling
- constant shelling on the front line
Disease
- shell shock (PTSD) came after soldiers facing trauma, trench fever was a bacterial disease that came from insect in the trenches
Rats and Lice
- infested clothing, clothes were debugged, washed, ironed and exchanged once soldiers returned from the front lines
Trench Foot
- feet wet in the trenches, led to agonising swelling
Monotonous Diet
- tinned meat and cool food, same food because of supplies
War of Attrition
- both sides attempting to wear down the other by constant bombardment and major attacks on enemy trenches
Hospitals
- Field dressing stations behind front lines attended to smaller wounds, mobile field hospitals for more serious injuries
Role of Scots military personnel
Battalions
- 16th Battalion Royal Scots 'McCrae's Battalion', made up of a number of Hearts players
Recruitment
- By December 1914, 25% of male labour force in western Scotland had signed up, 13% of volunteers 1914-15 were Scots
Battle of Loos
- Huge losses to Scots, of the 20,598 missing a third Scottish
Piper Daniel Laidlaw
- piped ahead of an attack at Loos to encourage bravery, awarded Victoria Cross for his bravery
Battle of the Somme
- Three Scottish divisions took part - large losses such as 9th (Scottish) Division lost 314 officers and 7,203 other ranks
Field Marshal Douglas Haig
- Scots leader who was famous for his stoic manner, commander during Somme & Arras
Battle of Arras
- Largest concentration of Scots fighting together, 44 Scottish battalions & 7 Scottish named Canadian battalions
Victoria Crosses
- 5 Victoria Crosses to Scots after Battle of Loos
Domestic Impact of the War on Society and Culture
Pacifism & Conscientious Objection
Religious objection
- bigger church groups supported the war, but individual church leaders sometimes spoke out (Rev. Malcolm MacCallum said that the war was sinful)
Exemptions categories
- the physically & mentally unfit, involved in important work (1st), those who would enter serious financial hardship in signing up (2nd), and those who refused (3rd)
Degrees of pacifism
- Absolutists, non-combatants and alternativists
Military tribunals
- local people and a military representative judging whether to accept claims of conscientious objection
ILP
- 70% of conscientious objectors came from the ILP
Overall numbers
- conscientious objectors less than half a percent of the population
NCF
- No Conscription Fellowship branch formed in Glasgow in early 1915
Afterward
- military conscription abolished in 1920, by May 1919 last of the 'conchies' released from prison
Women and the rent strikes
NUWSS
- suffragists used peaceful tactics to win vote for middle class property owning women
WSPU
- suffragettes used more violent tactics for women's vote, formed in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst
Munitions factories
- Gretna formed mainly from munitions factories manned by mostly women
Nurses
- Mairi Chisholm and Elsie Inglis were nurses working in danger at the front lines
Rent strikes
- May 1915, 25,000 Glasgow tenants joined strikes against unfair rents and poor living conditions
Dilution
- men afraid of losing jobs and wages to women after the war, so dilution meant women could could be trained in the processes of a skilled job with a man supervising them
Notable women
- Mary Barbour, Helen Crawfurd, Jessie Stephens and Agnes Dollan formed Glasgow Women's Housing Association to deal with the rent strikes
Women's work
- women filled typical men's positions during the war, 22,000 women worked in Scottish farming between 1914 and 1919
DORA (Defence Against the Realm Act)
John MacLean
- schoolteacher and socialist, arrested under DORA for opposing the war
Alcohol
- reduced pub opening hours, increased tax on alcohol, pubs not open on Sundays
Land use
- government took over land to grow food for the country
Alien registration
- all foreign citizens register as 'aliens', travel restriction and monitoring suspicious activity
Censorship
- Newspapers censored to prevent military information leaks, soldiers letter to keep up morale at home
Military laws
- blacked out windows, sending workers to essential war industries
Criticism
- too restrictive, destruction of Britain's 'civil liberties'
Confusing laws
- flagpoles banned, permit needed for homing pigeons