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Marine Public awareness and marine conservation - Coggle Diagram
Marine Public awareness and marine conservation
public awareness
trends
level of informedness associated with level of concern regarding marine impacts (Gelcich et al,2014)
Pollution and overfishing are two areas prioritised by the public for policy development (Gelcich et al,2014).
percieved public immediacy of marine anthroprogenic impacts (Gelcich et al,2014)
Problems public view most important
ocean pollution (Gelcich et al, 2014)
ocean acidification (Gelcich et al,2014)
overfishing (Gelcich et al,2014)
European public concerned for multiple impacts
Public Trust
greatly differs between information sources (Gelcich et al, 2014)
highest for academics/journal articles (Gelcich et al, 2014)
Lowest for national gov and industry professionals (Gelcich et al,2014)
public vs experts
Informedness
Invasive disease
high priority for research by the public (Gelcich et al,2014)
low public awareness (Gelcich et al,2014)
experts have low certainty about imact of invasive species
experts experts assigned the greatest impact scores to ocean warming, overfishing, and pollution (public perceptions have similar views, percieving ocean pollution and overfishing as biggest threats).
europeans only moderately informed about marine impacts (Gelcich et al,2014)
MPA Network
benefits
promotes natural processes (BLUE,2020)
help mitigate climate change (BLUE,2020)
MPA's may enhance resilience to climate change
Worm, B. et al. Rebuilding global fisheries. Science 325, 578–585 (2009). from Duate, 2020
increases ability of ocean systems/life to be adaptive to change (BLUE,2020)
high sea ecosystems better able to cope during the carbon reduction transition (BLUE, 2020)
Most MPA's less than 10 years old so benefits yet to be realised
BLUE's vision
extent of MPA's
full protection to 30% of the area of all habitats of the high seas
conditions/requirements
'meets the needs of both sedentary and wide-ranging species and accommodates range shifts and ecosystem reconfiguration as the climate warms.'.
many species are capable of recovery once pressures are reduced or removed (Duate, 2020)
improvements to aid recovery within MPA's
enhanced resourcing
enhanced governance
enhanced levels of protection
better site design that recognised geography of threats
high-seas must be included in MPA management if it is to be successful at protecting biodiversity on a global scale
Sumaila et 2015
Ineffective MPA's
'Paper parks'
Stewart et al. 2020
one study suggests trawling activity and pop declines of elasmobranchs to be higher inside MPA's than outside
as a result of poorly enforced or inappropriate management
problematic
future research on issues as part of marine conservation
Blue's vision
Impact of deep-sea mining and fishing (of mesopalegic fish) in the twilight zone (BLUE, 2020)
to what extent they can be controlled (BLUE, 2020)
'much more research is needed on the biology and ecological role of mesopelagic species, and their vulnerability to exploitation' (BLUE,2020)
High sea conservation
future
BLUE's vision
Institutions
IMO
Strongly capable of limiting environmental impacts of shipping, even as trade volumes rise.
Multilateral cooperation and trust
'achieve sustainable exploitation and environmental protection'.
Fishing
high seas fishing currently is iniquitous
unsustainable fish capture 'benefiting a few nations at the expense of the rest49'. BLUE,2020
irrisponsible
risks severe long-lasting damage to functioning of global oceans
mesopalagic fishing
without proper research into the impacts
'Pervasive implications for the structure and function of ocean ecosystems and their role in planetary processes' - BLUE, 2020
Hence, a moratorium on developing fisheries for mesopelagic fish
Moratorium on high seas fishing
rationale that RMFO reforms will take years to implement
Management bodies
RMFO's
drastic reform needed
governance has sig gaps in geographic coverage
governance currently is flawed and ineffective
Shipping
increase research for noise-reduction shipping tech
retire 15% of the current fishing fleet that produce around half underwater noise
Speed restrictions in vulnerable marine ecosystem areas
Direction of marine conservation
curren trends
focussed attention on link between ocean conservation and human wellbeing (Duate, 2020)
failures
conservation targets have in the past failed to protect biodiversity, among other ecosystem services, because they have not taken on board the best scientific advice at the time, often prioritising quantity over quality in light of politicial motivations, and as a result have not been effective at achieving the main aim of biodiversity protection. i.e setup many marine areas without proper consideration into design, management and enforcement aspects (Stewart et al. 2020)
future conservation goals, measures, and actions (normative)
Duate, 2020
restoration goals
rebuilding fallen pops and ecosystems must replace conservation of status quo, and immediate action to avoid irreversible tipping points - fishery collapse
focus should be on increasing abundance of key habitats, keystone species, and restoring 3D complexity of benthic ecosystems
measurements of success
restoration of marine ecological structure, functions, resilience and ecosystem services, increasing the capacity of marine biota to supply the growing needs of an additional 2 to 3 billion people by 2050.
transition from steep decline to stabilisation, and in many cases sig global recovery of marine life in 21st century
requirements/prequisites for sig recovery
major pressures are mitigated soon
climate change (Paris agreement targets)
Recovery initiatives/actions (Duarte, 2020)
Protecting vulnerable habitats and species
essential for recovery of marine invertebrates and deep-sea habitats
adopting harvesting strategies that follow precautionary principles
restoring habitats
development and enforced protection of MPA's
kelp restoration in JAPAN
successful model linking restoration to sustainable fishing
seaweed aquaculture help remediate eutrophication and reduce hypoxia
reducing pollution
framework needed to predict risks of new synthetic chemicals
to prevent risk of pelagic chemical pollution
development of novel-removal technologies to
protection of long-term sinks to avoid remobilisation
Marine sediments
critical action for coral reefs, seagrass meadows and kelp forests
rebuilding oyster reefs or restoring hydrological flows
aid nutrient removal + improve biodiversity
mitigating climate change
Vital action to enable recovery of coral reefs
Laffoley, 2019
global warming highest priority
limit surface temp to 1.5 celsius by 2100
robust and comprehensive High Seas treaty
MPA's
expand MPA coverage
enforce existing standards for MPA's
esp high protection levels
precautionary pause on deep sea mining
end overfishing
drastically reducing marine pollution
current conservation efforts
habitat restoration
mangroves
example of mangrove restoration at scale
Mekong Delta mangrove forest
potentially largest habitat restoration to date (1,500km2)
Cited in Duate, 2020
Arnaud-Haond, S. et al. Genetic recolonization of mangrove: genetic diversity still increasing in the Mekong Delta 30 years after Agent Orange. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 390, 129–135 (2009).
Nam, V. N., Sasmito, S. D., Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J. & MacKenzie, R. A. Carbon stocks in artificially and naturally regenerated mangrove ecosystems in the Mekong Delta. Wetl. Ecol. Manag. 24, 231–244 (2016).
Global loss of mangrove forests has since slowed to 0.11% per year
saltmarshes and oyster reefs
large scale restoration in US and Europe (Duate, 2020)
sea grass, seaweed, and coral reefs
restoration incr globally (Duate 2020)
however often in small scale
Potential for restoration/rebuilding
robust baseline of marine life as yet hasn't been created (Duate, 2020)
irreversible change
extinction of at least 20 marine species
oceans will never be how they were
Dulvy, N. K., Pinnegar, J. K. & Reynolds, J. D. in Holocene Extinctions (ed. Turvey, S. T.)
129–150 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2009).
mega fauna
mega fauna recovery times vary from a few decades to 100+ years (Duate, 2020)
fish stocks
To recover overexploited finfish stocks to achieve biomass = to MSY is between 3 and 30 years
Lotze, H. K., Coll, M., Magera, A. M., Ward-Paige, C. & Airoldi, L. Recovery of marine animal populations and ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 26, 595–605 (2011).
recovering fish stocks to MSY levels should be seen as a minimum recovery target bc doesn't take account of ecosystem interactions, and has limited resilience capability
coastal habitats/or following active restoration
after stressors reduced
time scale
oyster reefs > 1 decade
Bersoza Hernández, A. et al. Restoring the eastern oyster: how much progress has been made in 53 years? Front. Ecol. Environ. 16, 463–471 (2018).
kelp-dominated habitats < 1 decade
Graham, M. H. et al. Population dynamics of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera along a wave exposure gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 148, 269–279 (1997).
Graham, M. H. et al. Population dynamics of giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera along a wave exposure gradient. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 148, 269–279 (1997).
saltmash and mangrove habitats
Williams, P. B. & Orr, M. K. Physical evolution of restored breached levee salt marshes in
the San Francisco Bay estuary. Restor. Ecol. 10, 527–542 (2002).
Alongi, D. M. Mangrove forests: resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to
global climate change. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 76, 1–13 (2008).
sea grass meadows 1-several decades
Duarte, C. M. Submerged aquatic vegetation in relation to different nutrient regimes.
Ophelia 41, 87–112 (1995).
Deep sea corals and sponge restoration times (from oil spills and trawling) = 30 y to + century.
Barriers to marine recovery and conservation
Anthropogenic climate change
intensifying environmental extremes (Duate, 2020)
Coral reefs most likely to be affected
risk of coral reef recovery failing very high (Duate, 2020)
'IPPC projects global warming to 1.5 °C above preindus- trial levels will result in very high risks and losses of coral reefs unless adaptation occurs faster than anticipated'
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. et al. in Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (eds Masson- Delmotte, V. et al.) 175–311 (WMO, 2018).
even 1.5 degrees could cause 70%-90% loss of coral reefs compared to time assessment was made
unexpected natural/social events (Duate, 2020)
failed commitments to reduce existing pressure and climate mitigation (Duate, 2020)
urban, infrastructure and aquaculture developments
barriers to recovery of intertidal habitat
mangroves
saltmarshes
land clearance
increased nearshore sediment load
nearshore coral reef loss