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Edward VI, 1547-1553 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 1549 Book of Common Prayer:
        
        Established a single form for services within the church of England and translated the services into English to enhance the understanding of the key texts.
        
        It translated many of the traditional latin services into English.
        
        It included an ambiguous Eucharistic declaration which the Catholic Bishop, Gardiner (a prisoner in the tower) thought could still imply the acceptance of transubstantiation.
    - - Feb 1547 denunciation of images in London:
        
        reason for this change = Reflected radical attitudes among churchmen, especially Nicholas Ridley.
        
        Significance = Ridley was supported both within gov + by protestant activists.
        
        July 1547 Injunctions issued:
        
        injunction = An order issued for the implementation of church policy either by the crown exercising the royal supremacy or by individual bishops.
        
        Injunctions included forbidding the burning of lights, encouraging the destruction of images including stained glass.
        
        They reflected radical attitudes in the government.
        
        Attacked many features of popular Catholicism.
        
        Dec 1547 Dissolution of Chantries and Religious Guilds:
        
        Removed chantries which were chapels set aside for the singing of masses for the repose of dead souls in purgatory. Chantries, guilds and lay brotherhoods abolished and their property seized by the crown.
        
        the crown needed money to pay for expensive FP.
        
        This represented a further attack on popular Catholicism.
        
        May 1549 Introduction of Book of Common Prayer
        
        Through use of the act of uniformity 1549, provided a single common form of services in which traditional services in Latin was replaced with English. Provided the catalyst for the Western Rebellion of 1549.
        
        need for uniform approach to religious services.
        
        Significance?: imposed a more moderate approach to religious reform than had previously been followed.
  - - - Sought to turn Edward VI against his brother + also tried to plot with Earl of Southampton against Somerset.
        -This gave somerset little choice but to charge Seymour with treason.
      - Most important enemy: Earl of Warwick. Somerset's feeble response to rebellions gave Warwick the opportunity to strike.
    - - especially with regard to Scotland.
        
        After failing to secure the marriage alliance between England and Scotland, the deteriorating relationship with France in 1549 led to the threat of war and a French southern invasion, when Somerset was at his weakest due to the rebellions.
        
        SCOTLAND:
        
        Somerset’s tried to unite the crowns of England and Scotland through marrying Edward VI and the infant Mary, Queen of Scots. Scotland was Somerset’s main priority, whereas Henry VIII had seen France as the priority, and Scotland being the sideshow.
        
        Somerset’s strategy against the Scottish in foreign policy was to defeat them in battle, build and garrison a number of forts in the borders and south of Scotland and force Scotland into submission. This began well with Somerset defeating the Scots at the Battle of Pinkie in 1547. However, the strategy began to unravel- the forts were difficult and expensive to garrison, and Somerset underestimated the amount of cooperation between Scotland and France.
        
        Somerset was mainly concerned with the Scottish war and therefore continued to spend vast amounts on this war. Between 1547-1549 Somerset spent £580,393 on Scottish wars and continued to finance the fortifications at Boulogne in France which Henry VIII had captured in 1544. Debasement was continued at full speed and there was no attempt made to reform the Government’s finances.
    - - Badly handled rebellions that broke out in 1549.
  - - - Tried to implement social reforms.
      - Held a court of requests at his house (Somerset House) in London to hear cases of the poor
      - Refused to allow anyone to be tortured or burned.
      - Vagrancy Act ‘47 ordered local officials to provide housing and collections for ‘idle, impotent, maimed and aged persons’
      - Somerset had inherited a poor foreign policy from Henry VIII and he simply tried to unite the countries of England and Scotland.
      - Defeated the Scots at the Battle of Pinkie Clough 1547
      - Influenced by Churchmen and intellectuals to campaign against enclosure. June ‘48 proclamations vs enclosure & 5% sheep tax.
      - Frequent use of Parliament
    - - 1548 poor harvests leading to more vagrancy and crime
      - 1549 Somerset handled rebellion outbreaks poorly.
      - Ruled via dry stamp, expensive residence, bypassed the Privy Council
      - Edward complained of little pocket money & little involvement in politics
      - Governed with members of his own household
      - Roughly 70 proclamations used
      - On trial 19 accused him of malice and evil government
      - Shut down chantries for money and confiscated land and gold.
      - Continued debasement of the coinage worsening inflation
      - Superseded by Warwick.
      - 1547 Vagrancy Act - able bodied and out of work for more than 3 days branded with a V
      - Council had no trust in Somerset, fear of breakdown of law and order.
      - Proclamations vs playing football, spreading rumours, unlawful meetings,
      - Threat of invasion from the French in 1549
      - Had many enemies at court.
      - his own brother March 1549
      - Garrisons against Scotland were expensive.
      - Failed to block the Firth of the Forth so French aided Scots taking MQS to France.
      - £580K spent on war against Scotland.
      - Enclosure commissions sparked rebellion.
      - Kidnapped Edward to Windsor castle 1549.
- - - - Religious Grievances:
        
        In contrast to Kett’s rebellion, religion was unquestionably the central issue that sparked Western Rebels.
        
        The list of articles resolutely demanded the introduction of Catholicism. This was to be achieved through the reinstatement of Henry VIII’s act of six articles, the use of Latin, communion in one kind (the congregation receiving the bread only), prayers for the dead and mass every Sunday.
        
        The widespread response of the ordinary people was perhaps provoked as much by the unfamiliarity of the new practices as by the doctrinal and political issues behind them.The removal of the images and the production of the new prayer book service (described in the articles as a ‘Christmas game’) would have left all the community in no doubt as to how significantly religion under Protector Somerset had changed.
        Link Title.
        
        Sheep Tax:
        
        Seen as the imposition of an uncaring gov in London hitting local farmers.
        
        Social
        
        Gentry accused of using the dislocation associated with the reformation to take land from people and to push through at a level further enclosure.
- - - - INFLATION:
        
        Inflation rates had been increasing rapidly during the later stages of H8's reign and these problems only grew worse under Somerset.
        
        Somerset continued H's disastrous policy of debasing the coinage in order to finance the war against Scotland.
        
        Despite this raising £537,000, it heightened the inflationary pressures and added to the social distress of many.
        
        Poor harvest 1548 reinforced inflationary pressures even more,
        
        ENCLOSURE:
        
        Became a more serious political issue under Somerset's power.
        
        Somerset eventually issued a proclamation against enclosure.
        
        Enclosure commisioners were appointed BUT little was achieved apart from raising expectations of the poor, and annoying landowners.
        
        ALTHOUGH, the rate of enclosure seemed to be slowing down.
        
        TAXATION:
        
        Caused great discontent.
        
        money had to be raised to pay for the Scottish war which was mostly financed by land sales and borrowing, which simply added to long term problems of the crown finance.
        
        What caused even more short term problems was a failed social experiment. The main driver of increasing amounts of enclosure was perceived to be the profits that could be gained by converting land from arable to pasture in order to graze large flocks of sheep which would provide wool and cloth for the export market.
        
        THEREFORE, in order to deter this process Somerset introduced sheep tax.
        
        SHEEP TAX was intended to deter enclosure.
        
        HOWEVER, its main effect was to create huge financial pressure on small farmers in upland areas who had little choice but to rely on sheep for subsistence.