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India road to independence 1920-1940 - Coggle Diagram
India road to independence 1920-1940
Gandhi becomes leader of congress-1920
Why?
Gandhi was popular across India
No other political leader could challenge his influence
congress to divided to challenge him
1920-1922 satyagraha civil disobedience (non-cooperation) Gandhi wanted to make the RAJ in operable 'wither and die' Congress and Gandhi told People in India to:-
to not attended Raj events
Give back titles given by the Raj
*Withdraw children from government schools
not pay taxes
British reaction:- said that the satyagraha was a misguided attempt and would only interfere if people turned violent as they did not want to go against freedom of speech
Outcome:- Thousands of students left government education
Politicians gave back titles from the RAJ
As well as many Indians stopped paying taxes
But the satyagraha led to communal violence
For example- Churia Chura- Indians set alight a police station killing 22 Indian police officers
In other places, Muslims were known to kill rich British and Hindus as well as trying to convert Hindus to Islam.
Gandhi's reaction to Chura Chura is he retreated to his ashram
Four days later he emerged and ended the satyagraha
British arrested Gandhi and sentenced too 6 years in Prison leaving Congress without a leader
strengths of the satyagraha-
increased popularity and membership for congress
*increased popularity for gandhi
weaknesses:-
Muslim members leaving congress as not happy about how Gandhi was leading
Congress without leader
The RAJ did not wither and die
No further development in independence for India
Jinnah was against Gandhi stayagraha of civil disobendience as he did not like mass protests
The Khilafat movement
Why the Khilafat Movement failed.
Turkey became a secular state (No religion)
Isolated Muslim politicians
The Khilafat movement:- An international movement in the Muslim community.Over the breaking up of the Ottaman Empire
Gandhi supported the movement as it supported his non-violent ideology
Jinnah opposed Gandhi support as he thought that he was using the movement to his own advantage.
United a divided muslim community and led to speaking out against the RAJ
The reorganisation of congress after Gandhis arrest- Replaced by Nehru and Das both men favoured taking advantage of the 1919 Government of India act.
Congress began to increase membership as it appealed to groups and areas that where previously not involved
However a number of Muslims left as they did not agree to Gandhis leadership
The development of the Young Hooligans:- Bose and Nehru (son of the leader of congress) wanted purna swjara (full independence) They opposed the status of Dominion which is what congress wanted
On Gandhis release from prison he launched the back to basic campaign
Aim:- to make India self sufficient from the British
Set up the all spinning society which encouraged hand spinning cotton and the general idea of self sufficient society
Gandhi refocused on attracting new groups for congress e.g women and union trading
Set up the Indian working commit that formulated policies
After 1922 congress and Muslim league relations began to collapse
A result of this was the growing idea of separateness grew within the Muslim community in India as religious differences often caused communal violence .
Organsistations encouraged this
Simon Commission- 1927 The 1919 Government of India Act was up for review in 1929 however due to the fear of a labour win in the next election the review was brought forward to 1927. 11 men formed the commission (no which were Indain) visited India. Congress and other political teams refused to meet them .
Growing idea of seprateness within the Muslim community after the Kalifat movemnt
The Nehru report- Brought together Indian political groups to create a list of what they wanted from the British. Sugested that they wanted Dominion status and Purna Swaja.
Iwrin Declartion 1929- This invited Indian political leaders to London to discuss the futtre of India this was seen as a natural outcome of the Montague Declararion
First round table confrence -16 British representatives for recognised minorities. 16 Representatives from princley states. No congress present. 58 representatives form key Indian political parties.
Outcome India would become a dominion- It would take form into a federation. And that there would be Indian politicians in all forms of Government
Gandhi - Irwin pact This was an agreement made between Gandhi and Irwin that all political leaders currently in prison would be released to allow them to attend the second round table conference
Second round Table conference- Gandhi attended was the only congress member Jinnah tries to negotiate deals with the British which further angered Gandhi Gandhi said he should be the only person at the conference as congress represented all of India this angered other Indian leaders and brought up issues of who represented the mimorites such as Untouchables The conference ended with no outcome
Communal award:- This gave minorities and lower casts such as Untouchables seperate electorates. This angered Gandhi leading him to go on huger strike in protest
Yervada agreement
Third Round Table conference
Salt satyagraha -1930 till 1932 Gandhi wanted to protest against the RAJ and its taxation of goods such as Salt. By using a comdty such as salt it is something that everyone in India needed not matter whether rich or poor meaning anyone could partake in the stayagraha
The salt satyagraha continued- Gandhi's arrest only accelerated the movement. Further movements at Dhasarna salt mines continued. Campaigners arrived at the salt mine in a non-violent manner where they were met with violence from the RAJ which cause around 300 casualties
Gandhi traveled over 200 miles to Dandhi with 78 supporters these included members of minorities groups such as the untouchables . Through out this journey the were stoped and spun there own cotton. As they passed through each town thousands of people followed that supported Gandhi not only this the worlds media also followed Gandhi and his group on the journey
Once Gandhi had reached Dandhi he openly broke the law by collecting free, untaxed salt from the shores. Not only did Gandhi do this himself but also encouraged others to do the same
Due to Gandhi openly breaking the law as well as encouraging of others led to his own arrests, members of Indian Societies arrest such as peasants and other congress leaders
1929-labour wins the elections
December 1929- Congress hold the Lahore resolution- In which Gandhi decides to side with the Young Hooligans and Purna Swaja (Full indpendence)
1929- Jinnah gives 14 points to congress to try and reconcile there relationship congress rejects this leading to Jinnah leaving India for England