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Topic10: Independence Revolutions - Coggle Diagram
Topic10: Independence Revolutions
THE INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
The independence of Latin America was the historical process of the rebellion of
its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of independent
national states. It began with the proclamation of Sovereign Boards in 1809.
Some of them - especially the first that of Quito - were repressed by fire and blood
by the Spanish authorities. The process continued until it became a true
continental war
THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against Spain,
was produced. The rebellion is crushed in a short time. Puerto Rico continues
within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain. After the
defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU
and is currently an associated free state of that country. Consequently, it is not
an independent country.
FROM THE BOARDS TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
The Spanish authorities fiercely repressed the first of the cities to form a
Sovereign Junta. They tried to prevent the contagion. The viceroys of Lima and
Bogota immediately sent troops with the order to besiege Quito and not allow "a
grain of salt" to enter. After the defeat, the armies of Lima and Bogota occupied
the city, and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered 300 patriots and
citizens, which shook entire America.
BRAZIL: MONARCHICAL INDEPENDENCE
When Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil (1807) and later
promoted a legal reform (1815) by declaring Brazil as the territorial base of the
"Empire of Brazil, Portugal, and the Algarve". Thus, Rio de Janeiro becomes
the seat of an absolute monarchy as well as those of Europe, and no longer a
colony. In 1821, Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza
as governor of Brazil, but the following year he proclaimed himself emperor of
Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned
until 1889 when the first republic was proclaimed.
. THE LACK OF A KING, OCCASION OF AMERICAN BOARDS
When proclaiming the Sovereign Boards, the
South American Creoles held three theses: The
rejection of Napoleon's claims to America, the
loyalty to Ferdinand VII and, most importantly,
the illegitimacy of both Joseph Bonaparte and the
colonial authorities appointed by the Spanish
king, who no longer had any power.
CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE
In the independence of Latin America, as in any complex process, many causes
can be distinguished, among them:
✓ Economic. The Bourbon reforms drowned the economy of the colonies by
preventing intraregional trade and imposing excessive taxation.
✓ Social. was resentment over the prerogatives of the Spaniards. The
disputes between Spaniards and creoles for management positions
extended to all areas.
✓ Ideological. The forerunners of independence became aware of the
differences between the colonies and the metropolis, highlighted the value
of their own and raised the alternative of the fatherland as a separate entity
from Spain.
✓ Influence of US independence and the French Revolution. Napoleon
names king of Spain
INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
José Martí organizes the Cuban
Revolutionary Party and looks
for the old leaders of the
revolution, unifies the different
currents, builds a small army,
and disembarks in Cuba. Martí
dies in one of the combat
actions (1895), but the
revolutionary army continues to
fight. The USA does not want to lose the possibility of taking over the largest
island of the Antilles and, in 1898, after the explosion of the battleship Maine in
the port of Havana, he declares war on Spain. T
HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO
François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture took charge of a slave revolt on the
French side of the island of Hispaniola and led it between 1793 and 1802. He
faced Spanish, English, and French, until his capture, exile, and death in France.
In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French troops and, in
1804, declared the independence of Haiti.
CENTRAL AMERICA
Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence from the
Spanish Crown (15-09-1821) and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to defend itself
better from Spain. One year later, Guatemala and its provinces formed an
independent state, of federal character, with the name of United Provinces of
the Center of America, being its capital city of Guatemala. However, local
oligarchies promoted separation. This led to a civil war (1838-1840), in which
Guatemala could not prevail
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
The priest Miguel
Hidalgo was placed in
front of the Indians and
peasants and launched,
as we saw, the "cry of
independence" in the
town of Dolores.
Throughout three years,
it obtained triumphs with
its army and occupied several cities of Mexico, but was defeated in Guadalajara
and executed by the realistic authorities in 1811. T