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The Multi-Store model: Atkinson And Shiffron (1968) - Coggle Diagram
The Multi-Store model: Atkinson And Shiffron (1968)
Description
Any stimulus you come across has been in one or more of these stores in this sequence.
Each store retains a different amount of info for a different amount of time in a different way
This model suggests that there are three different types of memory: SM, STM and LTM.
key features are: encoding, capacity and duration.
For us to remember a piece of info we have to;
Pay attention, so it gets from SM to STM.
Then rehearse it (Maintenance rehearsal gets it
to our STM, Elaborative rehearsal gets
it to our LTM.
Short Term memory
Capacity
: Miller (1956) proposes that the STM can hold between 5-9 pieces of information on average.
He also found that capcity can be considerably increased though combining certain bits of information which is called 'chunking'.
This means making knowledge more meaningful by combining it with existing knowledge from your LTM.
Duration: The duration of STM retaining info is temporary- a short amount of time.
Peterson and Peterson: got students to recall combinations of trigrams, after longer and longer intervals.
Students were prevented from rehearsal by a counting task.
After 3 seconds, 80% recalled correctly. After 18 seconds, fewer than 10% recalled correctly.
STM fades in under a minute without rehearsal.
Encoding:
Corrad (1974) presented students with letters one at a time.
found that letters accoustically similiar are harder to recall from STM.
This suggests that STM mainly encodes things accoustically as sounds even though they are presented visually.
Sensory memory
Sperling 1960
Presented a grid of letters for less than a second
people recalled on average 4 letters.
Iconic memory can hold up to 10 items but this decays before we can recall it all.
Duration is 2 seconds or less without other stimuli.
Iconic memory: stored as images.
Echoic: stored as sounds
Haptic: Tactile input from the body
of things you've touched.
Sensory memory takes info from one of the sense organs and holds it in the same form,
Long Term Memory
Duration:
- Anything up to a lifetime
Bahrick et al ( 1975) tested US graduates by showing classmate photos years late
90% accuracy for remembering faces and names 34 years after graduation.
declined after 48 years, particularly with faces.
Encoding: Baddeley (1966)
Presented ten words at a time, some lists accoustically similiar.
Tested immediately and after 20 minutes.
After 20 minutes, they did poorly in semantically similiar words.
We encode LTM according to meaning, so we get things similiar meaning things confused.
Capacity: potentially unlimited.
Evaluation of multi store model
Case study evidence:
Several cases of patients who've suffered damage to their hippocampus and have memory deficits (H.M- damaged in surgery, Clive Wearing- Coldsore virus, K.F- motorcycle accident)
Their memory loss is selective which supports the idea that there are several stores for different types of memory.
MRI scans show that the pre-frontal lobes are active when using STM, and the hippocampus is active when learning new information which requires LTM.
Clive wearing: Anything long term does not get stored because his hippocampus is damaged which prevents rehearsal and all new information decays.
Evaluation of Multi- store model:
Glanzer and Cunits (1966) Read a list of words to participants and asked them to recall as many as possible.
They remembered more from the start and end whic
h supports the idea of there been a seperate STM and LTM because those at the beginning have been rehearsed, and those at the end have been most recently heard.