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Endocrine System Imogen Ecal Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System Imogen Ecal Per.1
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
acts with nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of body cells
influences metabolic activities - hormones travel through the blood
responses are slow but longer lasting
acts at diffuse locations; targets where blood reaches
Non-Steroid Hormones
amino acid based hormones: amino acid derivatives; peptides & proteins; water soluble
polar, cell membrane receptor
cannot cross plasma membrane
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine
Major Endocrine Glands/Organs & Functions
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
mineralcorticoids: aldosterone results in increased blood volume and pressure
gluccocorticoids: influence metabolism of most cells and help us resist stressors; cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
gonadocorticoids (adrenal sex hormone): weak androgens (male) converted to testosterone, some to estrogen
Adrenal Medulla
Catecholamines
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine
on top of kidneys
Pancreas
Glucagon is produced by alpha cells and raises blood glucose levels
Insulin is produced by beta cells and lowers blood glucose levels
looks like corn
Pineal Gland
Melatonin: sleep-wake cycle
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid hormone (TH)
T4: thyroxin
T3: triiodothyronine
body's major metabollic hormone
increases basal metabollic rate & heat production; regulates tissue growth and development; maintains blood pressure
Parathyroid Gland
yellow dots on thyroid gland
parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathormone
PTH important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
Pituitary gland
anterior pituitary
growth hormone (GH): growth promoting actions; direct actions on metabolism
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates normal development & secretory activity of thyroid; inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones
adrenocorticoptic hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
gonadotropins
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): stimulates production of gametes (sperm/egg)
luteinizing hormone (LH): promotes production of gonadal hormones
females: helps mature follicles of egg, triggers ovulation & release of estrogen & progesterone
males: stimulates production of testosterone
Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production in females
posterior pituitary
oxytocin: positive feedback mechanism & act as neurotransmitter in brain; strong uterine contractions during childbirth & acts as hormonal trigger for milk ejection
antidiuretic hormone (ADH): targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit/prevent urine formation
Diseases
pituitary dwarfism caused by hyposecretion of growth hormone (GH)
Gigantism: caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH)
congenital hypothyroidism: poor development of thyroid gland
Hypersecretion of TH: Grave's Disease; autoimmune disease, elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular breathing, nervousness,
Hyposecretion of TH: Myexdema; low metabollic rate, thick or dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling chilled, constipation, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargic; goiter may appear
diabetes: not enough insulin produced by pancreas
Hormone Regulation
blood levels of hormones
controlled by negative feedback systems
nervous system modulation
the nervous system can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed
nervous system can override normal endocrine controls
endocrine gland stimulus
hormonal stimuli: hormones stimulate other endocrine organs
neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone response
humoral stimuli: changes in blood levels of ions and nutrients
Steroid Hormones
nonpolar, intracellular receptor
synthesized from cholesterol; gonadal & adrenocortical hormones; lipid soluble
can cross plasma membrane
cortisol, testosterone, progesterone