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Small Ruminant Urolithiasis - Coggle Diagram
Small Ruminant Urolithiasis
High concentrate, low roughage diet
Decreased production of saliva, reduced excretion of phosphorus through saliva and into faeces
Increased levels of phosphorus get secreted in urine
Formation of urinary calculi
Clinical signs
Discomfort/ colic
Dry prepuce
Kicking at abdomen
Pulsating urethra on rectal exam
Inappetence
Post-op care
Diet control
High rate reoccurence
High intensity nursing care, long term hospitalisation
Care of skin/ prevention of urine scald
Diagnostics
Ultrasound of bladder showing uroliths
Treatment
Medical
Urinary acidification - ammonium chloride
NSAIDs
Smooth muscle relaxant e.g. Buscopan (idea is to help open urethra)
Nutritional management
Rehydration
Surgical
Perineal urethrostomy
Cystotomy
Amputation of urethral appendage
Bladder marsupialisation
Risk factors
Sigmoid flexure vermiform appendage common site for uroliths
Obstruction of urethra +/- bladder rupture
Risk factors
High concentrate diet
Inadequate water intake
High BCS
Early castration
Calcium, magnesium, ammonium, phosphate
Complications
Bladder rupture
Recurrent obstruction
Urine scald
Urethritis
Cystitis
Pre-operative considerations
GA for surgery, local infiltration +/- epidural for urethrostomy
Analgesia - NSAID
Broad spectrum antibiotic that is excreted in the urine
Requires long term therapy - urine acidifiers