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economic advance and civil unrest - Coggle Diagram
economic advance and civil unrest
british dominance in europe's economy
emerged from industrial revolution (18th century) as industrial leaders.
french revolution and napoleonic wars destroyed french-atlantic trade and disrupted life
Latin America Wars of Independence opened markets to british goods
Both the United States and Canada demanded British products.
Britain commanded the markets of southern Asia and India
All though the continental nations lagged behind, Belgium, France, and Germany increased their industrial
output significantly by 1830.
Ruhr and Saar basins rich in coke
Most manufacturing on the continent still took place in rural areas through the domestic system that started to integrate machinery.
population and migration
migration from rural areas to towns
By 1850, one-half the population of England and Wales had become town dwellers
Eastern Europe remained, by contrast, overwhelmingly rural
rural areas
Liberals envisioned a progressive free peasantry of industrious farmers but freed peasants typically
became conservative landholders.
Rural emancipation was granted to persons living in the countryside of England, France, and the
Low Countries
movement was difficult for serfs in Russia, Germany, and eastern Europe which were liberated much later.
Irish famine of 1845 to 1847 saw 500,000 people starve to death
railways
First great age of railway building took place from the 1830s to 1840s.
Stockton and Darlington Line opened in England in 1825.
By 1830, another major line had been built between Manchester and Liverpool.
Belgium began constructing railways by 1835, France in 1832, and Germany in 1835.
the labor force
Britain’s labor force was economically diverse.
“laboring poor” held jobs but made little more than enough for subsistence.
Poor working conditions
Mines in Wales treated women and children notoriously poorly.
Factories in the eighteenth century
Only the textile industry completely mechanized during the first half of the nineteenth-century
Artisans fought to retain their worth.
The Emergence of a Wage-Labor Force
Proletarianization
Process by which the labor of artisans and factory workers became a commodity in the
marketplace.
Artisans gradually lost ownership of the means of production and control over their trades.
Factory Discipline
Closing of factory gates to late workers, fines for lateness, dismissal for drunkenness, and public scolding,
Nineteenth century became difficult for artisans to exercise corporate or guild protection and control over their trades as continental legislation outlawed guilds and workers organizations.
Working-Class Political Action
Artisans react to industrialization
From the 1830s onward, artisans took the lead in attempting to formulate new ways to protect their economic and social interests.
Early Factory System
Before the late eighteenth-century revolution in textile production, individual families were the chief units of production in the industry.
Initially, machinery was brought into the home to speed up production.
In the domestic system, mother and father worked alongside their children who they taught the craft.
Home and economic life were largely the same