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A&P Concept Map Assignment – Endocrine System-Ruben J. Mora P.2 -…
A&P Concept Map Assignment – Endocrine System-Ruben J. Mora P.2
Major Endocrine Glands/organs;
There are a total of 8 major endocrine glands. In the brain is the pituitary gland. In the neck are the thyroid gland and the parathyroid glands. In the chest just above the heart is the thymus. In the abdominal cavity are the adrenal glands and the pancreas. Lastly, the reproductive organs which are part of the endocrine system are the testes and the ovaries.
Pineal Gland
: Produces, melatonin, its target organ is the brain. Melatonin helps your body with its circadian rhythms and with sleep.
Thyroid Gland
: Produces, T3, T4 & Calcitonin
The T3 hormone helps maintain muscle control, brain function and development, heart and digestive functions. Targets most tissues
The T4 hormone is responsible for your metabolism, mood, and body temperature. It targests most tissues
Calciton hormone controls calcium and potassium levels.
Parathyroid Gland:
produces parathyroid hormone(PTH), its target organs are the kidneys, bones, and intestine. It stimulates the release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream. Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines. Conservation of calcium by the kidneys.
Thymus:
produces thymosin. Its target tissue is the white blood cell and it basically affects the immune system.
Adrenal Glands:
produce aldosterone, coritsol, epiniphrine, and norepininephrine.
ALD causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions, and thus water, and excrete potasium ions. Its target organ is the kidnys.
Cortisol can be triggered with stress, injury or disease. It helps the body respond to stress or danger. increase the body's metabolism of glucose. Its target organ is the liver.
Epininephrine aka adrenaline, increase cardiac output and to raise glucose levels in the blood. It targets the symphatic nervous system.
Norepinephrine is similar to ephinephrine, just that ephinephrine has more of an affect.
Pancreas
: Produces glucagon and insulin.
Insulin:Decreases the level of glucose by stimulates the liver to form glycogen, promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells. Its target organ is the liver.
Glucagon increases the blood level of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose by liver. Its target organ is the liver.
Ovaries
:Produce estrogen and progestron. Estrogen helps control the menstrual cycle and is important for childbearing. Its target organ is the female reproductive organ. The other hormone progesteron prepares the female reproductive organ for potential of pregnancy after ovulation.
Testes
:Produce testosterone. Which regulates bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm.
Non-steroid
Amines, formed from amino acides. Ex; norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid hormones.
Peptides, formed from amino acids, ex;antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins, produces from amino acids
Polypeptides & protiens, formed from amino acids. Ex; parathyroid hormone, growth hormone, prolactin
Glycoprotiens formoned formed from protein & carbohydrate. Ex; follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, thyroid stimiulating hormone.
Steroid
Steroids are formed from cholestorol. Examples are estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol
Steroid-like substances, which are derived from cholestorl
Endocrine VS Exocrine
Nervous:uses impulses(neurotransmitters) to send messages
Nervous: organs are brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous:fast respone
Endocrine:Travel through bloodstream(hormones)
Exocrine:secretes producs into ducts, outside the internal enviorment
Endocrine:secrete hormones into body fluids to affect targe cells
Endocrine: Organs are called glands
Endocrine:Has a slower response
Endocrine useses hormones to send messages
Nervous:uses neruons
Side note;The two major glands are exocrine and endocrine. Exocrine secretes products into ducts, outside the internal enviorment
Major Functions, Endocrine;
Makes hormones that control your moods, growth and development, metabolism, organs, and reproduction.
Controls how your hormones are released. Sends those hormones into your bloodstream so they can travel to other body part
Diseases associated with the Endocrine system
Growth Hormone imbalances;
Gigantism;
Due to GH oversecretion during childhood
Acromegoly
; Dure to oversection in adulthood
Pituitary dwarfism
:due to GH deficency during childhood
Thyroid Disorders;
Hypothyroidism
;Is underactifvity of the thyroid gland. It causes low metaboolic rate. IN ingants it causes
cretinism
; poor growth and bone formation.
Hyperthyroidism
; is overactivity of the thyroid gland. It causes high metabolic rate, may lead to eye protrusion
Parathyroid hormone disorders;
Hypoparathyroidism
; is the deficencey of PTH,
Hyperparathyroidism;
is the exess of PTH
Diabetes Mellitus:
A metabolic disease due to lack of insulin or the inability of cells to recognise insulin;
Type 1 DM
; is insulin dependent so insulin production decreases or stops
Type 2 DM:
is noninsulin dependent and is when insulin is produced but is not recognized by cells
Negative and positive feedback:
Negative feedback mechanisms control hormone telease
In Negative feedback as hormone level rises, the hormone exerts its effects, further secretion is inhibited by negative feedback, and then hormone secretion decreases
When concentration of hormone droms more than its normal level negative feedback stops restricting the hormone secretion and the gland begins secreting more.... this is positive feedback.
Hormone levels are very preciesly regulated by negative feedback mechanismes