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THE INDEPENDENCE REVOLUTIONS - Coggle Diagram
THE INDEPENDENCE REVOLUTIONS
HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO
THE LACK OF A KING, OCCASION OF AMERICAN BOARDS
THE INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
The independence of Latin America was the historical process of the rebellion of its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of independent national states.
. It began with the proclamation of Sovereign Boards in 1809.
Some of them especially the first that of Quito
CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE
Economic. The Bourbon reforms drowned the economy of the colonies by preventing intraregional trade and imposing excessive taxation.
Social. was resentment over the prerogatives of the Spaniards.
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When proclaiming the Sovereign Boards, the South American Creoles held three theses: The rejection of Napoleon's claims to America, the loyalty to Ferdinand VII and, most importantly, the illegitimacy of both Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial authorities appointed by the Spanish king, who no longer had any power.
Quito was to be the first in the history of Spanish America to proclaim, on August 10, 1809, a government of its own, not appointed by the Crown.
FROM THE BOARDS TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
The Spanish authorities fiercely repressed the first of the cities to form a Sovereign Junta.
In the beginning, the Juntas were not independent: they were called interim depositaries of the sovereignty until the legitimate king returned.
The military reaction of the colonial authorities was immediate. They met with little success, for they had no trained armies. The Creole reaction was increasingly strong and organized, which turned the process into a true continental war that lasted for several years.
CENTRAL AMERICA
THE CASE OF PUERTO RICO
On September 23, 1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against Spain, was produced.
Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain.
The island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country. Consequently, it is not an independent country.
BRAZIL: MONARCHICAL INDEPENDENCE
When Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil and later promoted a legal reform by declaring Brazil as the territorial base of the Empire of Brazil, Portugal, and the Algarve. Thus, Rio de Janeiro becomes the seat of an absolute monarchy as well as those of Europe, and no longer a colony.
Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil, but the following year he proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil. In 1831 he abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II, who reigned until 1889 when the first republic was proclaimed.
Guatemala with its provinces declared its independence from the Spanish Crown and, shortly after, annexed Mexico to defend itself better from Spain.
England invaded Nicaragua but was rejected, although it remained with the enclave of Belize. Panama belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Granada and, therefore, became independent along with Colombia
Of this one separated in 1904, by the direct action of EE. UU, to control the Panama Canal promoted the formation of a separate republic.
INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA
José Martí organizes the Cuban Revolutionary Party and looks for the old leaders of the revolution, unifies the different currents, builds a small army, and disembarks in Cuba.
The USA does not want to lose the possibility of taking over the largest island of the Antilles and, in 1898, after the explosion of the battleship Maine in the port of Havana, he declares war on Spain.
Haitian troops subdued the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola, which would regain its independence from Haiti in 1844. But what will be called the Dominican Republic will not achieve independence from Spain until 1865, after a war that left the country devastated.
MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
The priest Miguel Hidalgo was placed in front of the Indians and peasants and launched, as we saw, the "cry of independence" in the town of Dolores.
The command was taken by another priest, José Maria Morelos, who led the second stage of the revolution. He introduced a liberal state and agrarian reform. But he had him shot in 1815.
But only when Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic in 1833 Spain only recognized Mexican independence in 1839.