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Anticancer therapy - Coggle Diagram
Anticancer therapy
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Malignant Tumours
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The underlying cause of cancer is a genetic alteration in genes that control these processes – this may be inherited (rare) or acquired during life on exposure to chemicals, radiation, viruses
Genes affected may be those whose activity promotes proliferation (oncogenes) or those whose activity is anti oncogenic – tumour suppressors
6 Hallmarks of cancer
- Sustaining proliferative signalling
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- Evading growth suppressors
'tumour suppressors' e.g. P53, RB proteins. Defects in these pathways lead to loss of regulation
- Activating invasion and metastasis
e.g. E-cadherin organises epithelial cells into sheets promoting quiescence. Loss of this activity may potentiate invasion and metastasis
- Enabling replicative immortality
Most cells only pass through a limited number of cell divisions. Tumour cells can maintain telomeric DNA
Normal cells only perform angiogenesis during embryonic development, wound healing and during female reproductive cycle
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Cancer
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Tumour
Benign
Slower growth, cannot invade neighbouring tissue. Usually named ‘....oma’ e.g. papilloma
Malignant
Become ‘immortal’, do not depend on other cells or anchorage for growth. De-differentiated. Surrounded by vasculature. Named ‘....carcinoma’, ‘...sarcoma’
Facts and figures
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Half of all cancer deaths = lung, breast, bowel or prostate
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Classical Chemotherapy
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Drugs may be cell cycle specific (CCS) if they act on a particular stage of the cycle or cell cycle non-specific (CCN)