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UNIT 2 - CHAPTER 5 - Coggle Diagram
UNIT 2 - CHAPTER 5
CELL SIZE AND SCALE
Surface Area Example
Plant
Other types
Animal
Comparing Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
karyotic cells
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma
membrane and nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a
membranous nuclear envelope
Prokaryotic cells
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane
No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
Geometric relationship between surface area and volume
METHOD FOR CELL FRACTIONATION AND OBSERVATION
Cell Fractionation
Definition: a method to separate subcellular components, and isolate organelles and other subcellular components from one another.
Procedure: issue cells -> homogenization -> homogenate -> cetrifugation -> pour into tube
supermatant poured from tube to tube: pellet rich in nuclei and cellular bevris -> pellet rich in mitochondria -> pellet rich in "microsomes" -> pellet rich in ribosomes
Cell Observation
Microscopy
Electron microscopy (EM)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Cryo-EM (Cryo-electron microscopy)
Light micronscopy (LM)
visible light through the specimen -> lens -> light refraction to enlarge specimen 1000 times
types
Fluorescence
Deconvolution
Phase-contrast
Super-resolution
Brightfield / Darkfield
Confocal
CELL AND ORGANELLES STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Peroxisomes
Structure
roughly spherical
granular or crystalline core
collection of enzyme molecules
single membrane
Function
produce hydrogen peroxide (toxic), convert to water
break fatty acids
detoxify alcohol
"specialized metabolic compartment"
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Function
Smooth ER
metabolize carbohydrates
detoxify drugs and poisons
synthesize lipids
store calcium ions
Rough ER
package proteins for secretion
send transport vesicles to Golgi Apparatus
make replacement membrane
Structure
outer surface lacks ribosomes (smooth ER)
ER lumen
cisternae
membranous tubules and sacs
transitional ER
transport vesicles
continuous with nuclear envelope
have ribosomes on outer surface (rough ER)
"extensive network of membranes"
Ribosomes
Structure
composed of ribosomal RNAs and proteins
not membrane bounded
large subunit + small subunit
Function
protein synthesis
Types
free ribosomes
float in cytosol
produce proteins used within cell
bound ribosomes
attached to ER
make proteins for export cell
Golgi Apparatus
Structure
consists of stacks of flattened membranous sacs
Has polarity (cis and trans faces)
Function
Produce lysosomes
packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles)
"Shipping and receiving center"
Lysosome
Function
recycle cell’s materials
programmed cell death (apoptosis)
intracellular digestion
breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules
"Digestive Compartments"
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (in animal cells)
Vacuole
Structure
Large membrane-bounded vesicle
Function
Digestion, storage of materials (food, water, minerals, pigments, poisons)
waste disposal
water balance
cell growth
protection
"Diverse maintenance compartments"
Some types of vacuoles
Contractile vacuoles
Food vacuoles
central vacuoles (plant cell)
Function: stored water, ions
Centrosomes
Structure
primary microtubule-organizing center near the nucleus
centrioles in animal cells
involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division
help organize microtuble assembly in animal cell
Function
adhesion and polarity in interphase
regulates cell motility
facilitates the organization of the spindle poles during mitosis
Mitochondria
Structure
Outer membrane
Intermembrane space
Inner membrane (convoluted with infoldings called cristae)
Matrix
Free ribosomes in the mitochondrial
Function
site of cellular respiration
Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
Cytoskeleton
Structure
network of protein fibers
microtubules
intenediate filaments
microfilaments
Function
support
motility
regulate biochemical activities
Chloroplasts
lens-shaped organelles
found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae
Structure
Inner and outer membranes
Intermembrane space
Stroma
Thylakoid (stacked like poker chip called granum)
DNA
Function
site of photosynthesis
Nucleus
Found in eukaryotic cell
Structure
Nuclear envelope
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Nuclear pore
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Function
Control center of cell
Contain DNA (&mRNA)
CELL AND ORGANELLES STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Extracellular components and connections between cells
Intercellular junctions (Animal Cells)
Tight junctions
The plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other
A barrier that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid
Desmosomes
Rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets
Attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle
Gap junctions
Cytoplasmic channels through which ions, sugar, small molecules can pass.
Necessary for communication between cells
Cell walls of plants
Structure
Contain cellulose microfibrils, pectic and soluble protein.
Three major layers: the primary cell wall, the middle lamella, the secondary cell wall.
Plasmodesmata: channels that connect cells.
Function
Protects the plant cell.
Maintains its shape.
Prevents excessive uptake of water.
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
Structure
Composed of glycoproteins (collagen) and other carbohydrate-containing molecules.
Integrins.
Proteoglycan complex
Function
Strengthens tissues
Regulate by communicating through integrins
Cell movement
Glycocalyx
Structure
Glycoprotein and glycolipid that surrounds the cell membranes
Function
A gatekeeper of vascular permeability
The central part of the inflammatory response
Signal Sensor
Participate in the Anticoagulant Process
Cytosol
Surrounded by the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm.
Contain water (85%), protein, ions, macromolecules.
Plasma membrance
Structure
Consists of both phospholipid bilayer and proteins
Fluid mosaic model
Function
Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell.
