Napoleon was defeated by the combined army of England, Prussia and Austria
(Waterloo, June 1815), after which the kings decided, in the so-called Congress of Vienna (1815), restore the Old Regime, with the same dynasties that had been
on the thrones, and curb in line with liberal ideas. But ideas cannot be locked up and in 1820 liberal revolutions were held in Spain, France, Germany, Portugal,
Piedmont (northern Italy), Naples, the Russian Empire, and Greece. A new revolutionary wave came in 1830. The absolutist monarchies managed to return
to power three times: after defeating Napoleon and after the revolutions of 1820 and 1830. The generalized economic crisis in Europe and the workers' discontent
led to a rapid and extensive wave of revolutions in 1848, also known as La Primavera de Los Pueblos. But, like the previous ones, they were dominated by
force and did not succeed. In all these changes, the great winner is the bourgeoisie, for its influence
in the different regimes, and the consolidation of the free
market. Meanwhile, the European proletariat failed to
maintain its conquests and continued with poor working
conditions until the 20th century.
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