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THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS, tax collection, by the Inquisition,…
THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
THE DYNASTIC UNION OF CASTILLA AND ARAGÓN
1479
the war ended victory of Isabela
Ferdinand became the King of Aragón after the death of his father
resulted in the dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
In 1474, the King of Castilla died
a civil war broke out between
the followers of his daughter Joanna la Beltraneja
support of Portugal
followers of Isabella
support of Aragón
dynastic union
Each kingdom retained its own institutions, laws, language, currency and internal boundaries
(A single state not created) called the Hispanic Monarchy
In 1469
Isabella married Ferdinand
Domestic reforms
Royal officials increased
existing institutions reformed
new ones established
Objectives
Weaken the power of the nobility
form a permanent army
mercenaries: professional, paid soldiers
overpower the militias of the nobility
place Military Orders under the monarchs' control
Territories
important
most Council of Castilla
Aragón and Navarra also important
trained officials replaced nobles
Councils of experts appointed to advise monarchs about
judicial system of Castilla restructured
through audiencias of Valladolid and Granada
judges appointed the kings
Militia created to
keep peace in rural Castilla
fight crime
The royal treasury given greater powers
administrate
control
Specific matters
Castilian military orders managed by the Council of Military Orders
Council of the Supreme Inquisition
deal with matters concerning morals and faith
reduce the autonomy of the kingdoms of the Hispanic Monarchy
power of the General Courts was reduced
position of viceroy created
represented monarchs in each of their kingdoms in their absence
Inquisition established in the kingdom of Castilla in 1478
reformed in Aragón to persecute false conversions
religious court controlled by the Crown
restrict the autonomy of the urban oligarchies
Castilla: Monarch appoint mayors (ran the city councils)
Aragón: Sortition system (local governors selected by lottery) maintained
improve internal relations
diplomatic corps (represented the monarchs in other kingdoms) expanded
Catholic Monarchs carry out domestic reforms
to centralise power
Castilla = authoritarian monarchy
Crown of Aragón pact tradition (the king made decisions with the approval of the regional institutions)
Religious policy
aim: to prevent revolts and internal divisions
the Jews and Muslims were expelled
Jews
Christians believed that the Jews offended God
some of them were bankers, owed them money
15th century, this anti-Semitism increased
1492 forced to convert to Christianity
who didn't obey had to sell their assets at a loss and leave their homes ( Sephardic Jews )
conversos agreed to convert
persecuted
investigated
Inquisition
prevent them from practising their old religion in secret
Catholic Monarchs’ main political objective: establish religious unity in their domains
Muslims
expelled from Castilla in 1502 and from Aragón in 1526
who converted were known as Moriscos and were also persecuted by the Inquisition
departure had a negative impact on agriculture
Mudéjar were Muslims who lived in Christian territories
Foreign policy
Diplomatic. monarchs formed political agreements or alliances by marrying their children to the kings and princes of other European kingdoms
Union with Portugal
monarchs married their oldest daughter, Isabella of Aragón, to King Manuel I of Portugal
Isolation of France
in 1493territories of Roussillon and Cerdanya returned to Aragón
monarchs married their children to English princes (France's enemy)
Catholic Monarchs' main objectives
isolation of France
unification of the Iberian Peninsula
consolidation of the Crown of Aragón
expansion across the Atlantic.
Military. The Catholic Monarchs carried out a series of military conquests
Iberian Peninsula
In 1492, Boabdil, the ruling kingdom of Granada, surrendered the last existing Muslim state on the Peninsula
In 1512, Ferdinand "the Catholic" conquered Navarra, prevent it from forming an alliance with France, became part of Crown of Castilla
outside the Iberian Peninsula
Italy. The forces of Gonzalo de Córdoba "the Great Captain", defeated the French (1503) and secured Aragónese territories
Northern Africa. Between 1497 and 1510 by Berber and Portugal
The Atlantic Ocean. The Canary Islands conquered (1478-1496)
Canary islands would serve as a stop off point for Christopher Columbus' first voyage to the Americas in 1492
Art and culture
Spanish Renaissance's characteristics:
1492
publish the first grammar
Antonio de Nebrija
found new universities and spread of printing press
Cardinal Cisneros
written in four languages
easier to identify errors in translation
Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Chaldean
founded
of Alcalá de Henares University,
finance Complutensian Polyglot Bible
important humanist: Juan Luis Vives
went into exile to escape Inquisition, spent his life in
Flanders
England
converted Jew
was
proposed the creation of social services for
educational
poor
follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam
increase in the importance of the Castilian language
Gothic artistic style maintain
During the Catholic Monarchs' reign
humanist and Renaissance ideas spread from Europe
Hispanic kingdoms
medieval traditions maintain importance
painting
influenced by the Flemish style
works of Pedro Berruguete
sculpture
Domenico Fancelli
sculpted the "Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs" in Granada
very important artist
architecture
main Gothic art commissioned by Catholic Monarchs
Isabelline Gothic "Isabelline style"
Cardinal Cisneros, the "Cisneros style"
Economy and society
Crown of Aragón
Ferdinand "the Catholic" ended by stopping feudal abuses with the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486.
Trade in the Mediterranean benefit from incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón.
Valencia
Barcelona
crisis of the 14th century
provoke increase in the abuses of the nobility, "feudal abuses"
led to a peasant uprising called the War of the Remences
Trade benefit economic activities
like
shipbuilding
textile industry
monarchs protect local industries placing taxes or duties on foreign products
Crown of Castilla
1494, Burgos Consulate was founded to control the exportation of wool
to the textile industries of Flanders and England
from the Cantabrian ports (Bilbao and Santander)
Transhumance livestock farming develop
the shepherds migrate with their flocks of sheep between seasons in search of new pastures
northern meseta in summer
south in winter
cañadas reales
flocks travelled along paths protected by the crown
Honrado Concejo de la Mesta (association of shepherds that controlled this activity)
exportation of wool was very important
more
Agriculture suffered due to the increase in livestock farming
16th century, main source of wealth: precious metals from the Americas.
Spanish textile industry developed to cover domestic demand.
tax collection
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by the Inquisition
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.
reforms
.
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OIHANE TXARROALDE 3.A 26
