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THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS, Janire Arrierta 4 3.A - Coggle Diagram
THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
An authoritarian monarchy was established
DYNASTIC UNION OF CASTILLA AND ARAGÓN
1469
Isabella (half-sister of Henry IV of Castilla)
Married Ferdinand (Crown Prince of Aragón)
1474
King of Castilla died
A civil war started between the followers of
Joanna la Beltraneja (his daughter)
Had the support of Portugal
Ended in 1479 and Isabella won
Isabella
Had the support of Aragón
Ferdinand after the death of his father
Becomed king of Aragon
Resulted in the
Dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
Each kingdom retained it's own
Institutions, laws, language, currency and internal boundaries
More than one kingdom was created
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By the Catholic Monarchs
Isabella I of Castilla
At the 15th century on the Iberian Peninsula
Ferdinand II of Aragón
ART AND CULTURE
New
humanist
and
Renaissance
ideas spread from Europe
Spanish Renaissance characteristics
Founding universities / spread of the printing press
Cardinal Cisneros
(founder of Alcalá de Henares University)
Financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
Written in 4 languages, to identify errors easilier in translation
Latin, Greek, Hebrew & Chaldean
Most important humanist was
Juan Luis Vives
A converted Jew that went into exile
To escape the Inquisition
Spent all his life in Flanders and England
Follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam
Proposed creation of social services/educational reforms (for the poor)
Increase in the Castilian language
1492
Antonio de Nebrija
(philologist & historian)
Published the first grammar of this language
Gothic artistic style maintained
Sculpture
Italian Domenico Fancelli
important artist
Sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs in Granada
Painting
Works of Pedro Berruguete influenced by Flemish style
Architecture
Gothic works of art commissioned
Isabelline style
(Isabelline Gothic)
Cisneros style
(Cardinal Cisneros)
DOMESTIC REFORMS
Made by Catholic Monarchs
To centralise power
Existing institutions -> reformed
New institutions -> established
Royal officials increased
Four
objectives
To
reduce
the autonomy of the kindoms of
Hispanic Monarchy
Position of
viceroy
created
Represented the monarch in each kingdoms
(In their absence)
General courts power
reduced
Inquisition
Established in Castilla 1478
Reformed in Aragón (to persecute
false
conversions
Religious court controlled by the Crown
To
restrict
the autonomy of the
urban oligarchies
In Castilla
Monarch appointed
mayors
They ran the city councils
In Aragón
Maintained
sortition system
Local governors selected by lottery
To make weaker the
power
of the
nobility
Council experts had to advise monarch of
Judicial system of Castilla was restructured
Throught
audiencias
"apellate courts"
Of Valladolid & Granada
Their judges appointed the kings
A
militia
was created
To fight crime/keep peace at rural Castilla
Santa Hermandad (Holy Brotherhood)
Territories
Most important ones
Council of Castilla, Aragón and Navarra
At the institutions
Trained officials replaced the nobels
Specific matters
Castilian military orders managed by
Council of Military Orders.
Council of the Supreme Inquisition dealt
With matters concerning morals and faith
Royal treasury was given
Greater powers to control/administrate tax collection
Military Orders under the monarchs' control
(lands and properties)
With the permission of the Pope
Nobility had militias
So they formed and army with soldiers "mercenaries"
To
improve
international relations
Dimoplatic corps
was expanded
Represented monarchs in other kingdoms
Castilla became
Authoritarian monarchy
Crown of Aragón maintained
The
pact tradition
Kings made decisions with
The approval of the regional institutions
RELIGIOUS POLICY
One of the Catholic Monarchs objective
Was to establish
religious unity
The Jews and Muslims were expelled
Jews
Jews were persecuted by the Christians
15th century
Anti-Semitism
increased
Christians believed that the Jews offended God
Some of them were bankers
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1492
Monarchs forced them to convert to Christianity
The ones that did not obey
Had to sell their assets / leave their homes
Known as
Sephardic Jews
The ones who agreed to convert
Known as
conversos
They were investigated and persecuted by the Inquisition
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Muslims
(Mudéjar)
Lived in Christian territories
1492
After the conquest of Granada
Cardinal Cisneros forced them to be baptised
Many revolted in Andalucía (the Alpujarras)
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The ones who converted were known as Moriscos
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The mayority were farmers
And their departure had a negative impact on agriculture
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
After economic & demographic crises of 14th century
Cereal farming, economy was based on, went into decline
And they search alternatives
Crown of Castilla
Exportation of wool
Transhumance
livestock farming developed
Shepherds migrated with their flocks of sheep
Northern meseta in summer / headed south in winter
Cañadas reales
Flocks travelled along paths protected by the crown
Catholic Monarchs received taxes from wool trade
They gaved privileges to the association of shepherds
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1494
Burgos Consulate
founded
To control the exportation of wool from
Cantabrian ports (Bilbao and Santander)
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Spanish textile industry
developed to cover domestic demand
Agriculture
suffered
Because of increase in livestock farming
Pasture land increased
Replacing the land to grow crops
Andalucía
Substantial vineyards/olive groves maintained
For wine and oil
16th century
Precious metal was the main source of wealth
(gold and silver) From
America
Crown of Aragón
Crisis of 14th century
Created increase in the abuses of the nobility
Called "feudal abuses"
Number of available resources declined
Abuses such as taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures
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Ferdinand "the Catholic" in 1486
Ended the conflict stopping feudal abuses of the nobility
With the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe
Trade in the Mediterranean
Benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories
To the Crown of Aragón
Main ports were
Valencia
and
Barcelona
Trade benefitted economic activities like
Shipbuilding & textile industry
Monarchs
Protected local industries
Placing taxes or duties on foreign products
FOREIGN POLICY
Catholic Monarchs' main objectives were
Isolation of France
Consolidation of the Crown of Aragón
Unification of the Iberian Peninsula
Expansion across the Atlantic
Diplomatic and military strategies were used
Diplomatic
Monarchs formed political agreements/alliances
Marrying their children with kings/princes of other European kingdoms
1) Union with Portugal
Monarchs married their oldest daughter
Isabella of Aragón --> King Manuel I of Portugal
Their son was Miguel
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2) Isolation of France
1493
Agreement with France
Territories (in the Pyrenees) of Roussillon and Cerdanya returned to Aragón
France continued to be their main enemy
To continue isolating them
Monarchs married their children to
English princes (France's enemy)
Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire (governed Austria /Burgundy)
Military
Catholic Monarchs carried out military conquests
On the Iberian Peninsula
1492 (after a ten year war)
"Boabdil" ruler of the kingdom of Granada
Surrendered the last existing Muslim state or the peninsula
1512 Ferdinand "the Catholic"
Conquered Navarra (to prevent it from forming an alliance with France)
It became part of the Crown of Castilla
Outside the Iberian Peninsula
2) Italy
Forces of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba "the Great Captain"
1503 --> Defeated France at battles of Cerignola & Garigliano
Secured Aragónese territories (Naples, Sicily and Sardinia)
3) The Atlantic Ocean
Canary Islands were conquered
Following the subjugation of their inhabitants
The Guanches (1478-1496)
These islands serve as a stop off point for
Christopher Columbus' first voyage to America (1492)
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1) Northern Africa
Between 1497-1510
Enclaves which Berber pirates operated from were conquered
(Melilla, Oran and Bugia)
Ceuta conquered by kingdom of Portugal
Janire Arrierta 4 3.A
