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VICTORIAN THINKERS - Coggle Diagram
VICTORIAN THINKERS
JEREMY BENTHAM'S UTILITARIANISM
based on Epicurus' thought
an action is morally right if it has consequences that lead to happiness, and is wrong in the reverse case.
institutions are useful if they provide for the happiness of people
any problem can be overcome through reason
CHALLENGES FROM THE SCIENTIFIC FIELD
Sir Charles Lyell's
Principles of Geology
Robert Chamber's
Vestiges of the natural history of creation
Charles Darwin's
On the origin of species by means of natural selection
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex
THE OXFORD MOVEMENT
Return to ancient doctrines and rituals in reply to the challenges of science
headed by the Cardinal John Henry Newman
it began at Oxford University
LATE VICTORIAN THINKERS
art critic John Ruskin
blend of utopianism and nostalgia influenced by Marx
the artist William Morris
Karl Marx
Das Kapital
(3 volumes)
protested against the harm caused by capitalism
JOHN STUART MILL'S EMPIRICISM
Legislation should help men to develop their natural talents
he promoted reforms for education, extension of representation, emancipation of women
PATRIOTISM
influenced by ideas of racial superiority
British considered themselves the leaders of European civilisation as an obligation imposed by God
attitude called JINGOISM: the need to spread their superior way of life, institutions, laws and political systems
SOCIALISM
1884: foundation of the Fabian Society:
a middle-class socialist group aiming at changing Britain through progressive reforms (instead of Revolution, as sustained by Marx)
1893: Independent Labour Party
early members:
George Bernard Shaw
Sidney and Beatrice Webb