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HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS - Coggle Diagram
HARDWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS
COMPUTER LANGUAGE AND FUNCTION:
LANGUAGE
:
symbols:Only use the 0 and 1 numbers called the binary system to
comunicate/ memorise sentences
make calculations
samllest unit information that we can store is
a bit=b (binary digit)
8 bits=byte=B (use to store information)
to increase the level (of B) have to
multiply the units
Left by 1024
Right by 100
ASCII (the American Standard code for lnformation Interchange): The codes that have each letter of alphabet formed all the letters by 7 bits to can store them (formed by 1 and 0) (it has got 128 different characters)
FUNCTIONS
hardware: is the phisical components of the computer system that we can
move
touch
software/ programs are the data and instructions that we use to manage that data
fuctions:
Storing data in the storage devices
Procesing data in CPU (central processing unit)
using
microprocessor
memory
Output of data peripheral devices
Input of data using peripheral devices
computer progress and store information are in form of
numbers
photographs
texts
music
We are processing information when we use acomputer for
calculations
change the colour of a picture
change the font of a text
COMPUTER ELEMENTS
computer history is very closed linked to the development of
chips
integrated circuits
MICROPROCESOR
is an integrated circuit composed of millions of tiny transitors working together
composed of millions of tiny transitors working together
to process instructions a data received from the memory
microprocessors can process 64 bits at a time
microprocesors power depends on
its cache memory
the speed that comunicates with the RAM
clock rate: sets the rhythm at which processes are completed
generate: continously electrical impulses
MEMORY AND UNITS OF STORAGE
Formed by:
Cache memory:is a much
faster memory installed between the RAM and the microprocessor
It stores the data that the microprocessor use most often
ROM BIOS: is an special read-only memory
how does it work?
bio starts the operating system in the
main memory tacking the control of the computer
when you turn on the computer automatically checks the system that is carred out using instructions of the ROM BIOS
RAM(random acces memory): is the computer's main memory
When we control an application, instructions and data are copied to the RAM of the computer to
can use them with the:
microprocesor
Why we use the RAM and no the hard disk?
Because the acces of the hard disk is more slow than accesing in the RAM
RAM memory
RAM only retains information if the computer is on
we must save our work to the hard disk before we close the application
Storage devices
RAM stores data temporarily. If you turn of the computer
the data disappears
data storage units serves for savethat data permanently
formed by:
Solid-state memory (flash)
1 more item...
Magnetic disks
3 more items...
Optical discs
1 more item...
MOTHERBOARD AND CONNECTING DEVICES
inside the computer
is the morden board: (symilar than a miniature city)
formed by this components:
IDE(integrated device electronics)
conect to the modern board
CD drive
DVD drive
hard disk
slots: used to expand or add new components
components
sound card
network card
modem
can be 2 types:
PCI
PCI-express
Various Input / output ports
chipset: a number of integrated circuits designed to perform
related functions .
can:
control the the flow of bits to and from the
motherboard
determinate which type of microprocesor memory and
expansion cards we san use
Connecting external devices
Can phissically conect devices to the computer in different ways:
By special connectors on the motherboard for such devices as the
DVD drivers
hard disk
Using external ports on the side or back of the computer Ex:
USB port
.
using an expansion slot on the motherboard
to connect a
sound card
graphics card
istalling a driver
Install new devices by using the software provided by the device manufacturer
Informe sobre nuevos dispositivos (Hermes): report on new devices in Linux
Asistente para agregar hardware in Windows: use to add new hardware
update drivers or unistall software
Administrador de dispositivos Windows
Gestor de dispositivos in Linux
SOFTWARE AND OPERATING SYSTEMS
TYPES
Applications
Presentations
PowerPoint
Impress
Database management tools
Access
Base
Spreadsheets
Excel
Calc
Drawing programs
Paint Soft Pro
Draw
Paint
Word processors
Word
Writer
Programing languajes: used to create other
programs
applications
Operating system
Manages the system resource doing available for use by theu user and the applications
OPERATING SYSTEM
Is the first thing that appears i your computer when you turn it on an you can see it to when you turn off
it provides a working enviroment that makes it easy to acces to the applications
some operating system
Linux
Mac OS
Windows
Process
2 The program is now the active application
it receives data from the key board sending instructions to the microprocessor (through the operating system)
3 When we save the document, the operating system looks for free space on the hard disk
and transfers the data from the memory to that space
1 Operating system finds the application on the hard disk
sends a copy of it to the RAM loading into the screen
4 Click on imprimir and the word processor will send the comand to
operating system (that sends the appropiate signals to the printer)
5 When we close the word processor the opperating system deletes the
application from the memory
Functions
Manages the memory and storage systems
make space available for applications
Provides an interface or working enviroment for the user
Manages the microprocessor
if several aplications open at same time
operating system calculates how much time the microprocessorshould give to each one
Allows communication between applications and peripheral devices
WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
HARD DISK MAINTENANCE
Defragmenting the hard disk
stores files in small blocks
Detecting and repairing errors
check the errors by right-clicking on the hard disk and selecting the properties option them, a dialoge box will appear
Cleaning the hard disk
cleans your disk and delete programs and files using the tool
SAVING POWER
important to select the right power options for laptops
can tell your computer to go into standby mode automatically (during a period of inactivity)
INSTALLING AND UNINSTALLING PROGRAMS
installation wizard: can install programs and guides us through the process
Agregar o quitar programas tool: useful for adding and removing programs
SYSTEM UPDATES
are constanly being updated
2 ways:
Through Inicio> programas> Windows Update
Actualizaciones automaticas, Inicio> Panel de control> Rendimiento y mantenimiento >Sistema
LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
INSTALLING AND UNISTALLING PROGRAMS
2 package managers (to help users automatically install applications downloaded from Internet)
Añadir y quitar in the Aplicationes menu
easiest way to add and remove applications
Synaptic package management program
Sistema> administracion
gives you more control over the installation process
1st stages:
Select the program you want
click Aplicar cambios
Aplicaciones menu> Añadir cambios> añadir y quitar applicaciones
click Aplicar
2nd stages to inunstall
Añadir y quitar aplicaciones> Aplicar cambios
Operating system will unistall the application
Aplications> Añadir y quitar
HOW TO KEEP YOUR SYSTEM UP TO DATE
Open Gestor de actualizaciones> Sistema> Administracion
click Comprobar> Instalar actualizaciones
COMPUTER NETWORKS: is a set of computers connected to each other so they can share resources and exchange information
categories
metropolitan area networks (made up of several LANs)
wide area networks (covering a country or continent
local area network or LANs
WIRELESS NETWORKS (WLAND)
this use electromacnetic waves to transmit data
wireless acces points are used by networks with a combination of wired and wireless devices
SHARED INTERNET ACCESS
using:
Internet Connection Sharing (ICS)
where alll comunication is though one computer that must be switched on aII time
router
detects data and directs it to and from the Internet
disadvantage: ythe computer with aII the shared elements must be swiched on at all times so that the other users can acess those elements
but we can use network storage systems and print servers
ELEMENTS IN A NETWORK
alll computer networks have
logical component (operating system and applications that work on a network)
physical component (conects the different computers to each other
elements
hub (distributes all the information)
transmission medium( the cable where the information travel)
adaptor or network card ( to send information to other computers and give it back
