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Endocrine system anatomy and physiology Noah Lopez p.1 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine system
anatomy and physiology
Noah Lopez p.1
Major functions
The endocrine system is in charge of all hormones in are body. These hormones are in charge if multiple things including our growth and development. It acts alongside with our nervous system to coordinate and inter grate activity of our bodies cells.
The endocrine system controls and intergrates: Reproductoin, Grwoth and development, maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrients, it regulates the metabolism and our energy levels, and lastly it mobilizes our body’s defenses.
Exocrine glands: These glands produce nonhormal substances such as sweat and saliva for expample.
Endocrine glands: These glands don’t hsve that many diets but they secrete hromones. These glands include the Thyroid, Adrenal, pituitary, parathyroid, and pineal glands.
Hormones: Long-distance chemical signals that travel in the bloodstream or lymph. These are the chemical messangers of the endocrine system.
Amino acid-based hormone: These hormones derive from protiends, peptides, and derivatives. they are all water soluble.
Steroids: These are synthesized from cholesterol and are only lipid-soluble.
Major glands/organs and their functions and target organs
Pituitary gland: The pituitary gland is one of the most important glands in the human body. It is attached to the brain and its what enables other glands to secrete hormones. It’s in charge of growth of reproduction, growth, and other main bodily functions.
Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is directly connected to the pituitary gland. When the hypothalamus secretes it releases and inhibits hormones to the regulate hormone production.
Pineal gland: The pineal only secrets melatonin and melatonin is derived from serotonin . Melatonin effects our day/night sleep cycles. It hangs from the roof of our third ventricle in the Brain.
Adrenal glands:The adrenal glans are right on top of the kidneys. It’s. Two glands all in one, the Adrenal cortex, and the Adrenal Medulla. The Adrneal Cortex secretes corticosteroids and this includes 24 different types of hormones. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are both very similar and have similar functions.
Pancreas: The pancreas secretes the hromones insulin and glucagon. These hormones are meant to regulate the sugar in our blood stream. The pancreas had functions of both a exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.
Thyroid gland: The thyroid gland is found in the anterior part of the neck on the trachea . It produces our bodies major metabolic hormone T4 and T3.
Parathyroid gland: The parathyroid gland is it worth small oval shaped glands. It is located in the neck , and is charge of calcium by the bones into the bloodstream. It’s mainly in charge of putting calcium in different intestines and regulates the amount of calcium in the bloodstream by using the bone calcium storage.
thymus:It’s found in the chest just next to the heart. It’s main function is to are T lymphocytes that important for our immune system. These cells fight off infections and forgiven substances in our bodies. It also affects age and our growth.
Compare and contrast steriod vs non-steriod hormones and list the hormones for each category
Steriod: These hormones are produced from mainly cholesterol. We need cholesterol for this but exceeding amounts isn’t healthy. Steriod hormones are lipid soluble and not water soluble.
Non-steriod These hormones are based off of proteins, peptides, and amino acids. These hormones are water soluble and travel into and through the blood. These hormones bind to receptors apart of target cells causing for the affector organs to carry out with the procedures.
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative&postive feedback)
Negative feedback: this controls hormone release and allows for hormones to be able to affect there specific target organs. These levels vary and narrow with only a designed range. Negative feedback would be triggered in a scenario where there is not much sugar in the bloodstream. To regulate this negative feedback would occur starting from the hypothalamus, to the pancreas, and lastly glucagon is secreted.
Postive feedback: It’s pretty rare and doesn’t happened very often in the body. Postive feedback occurs when something from the outside causes for an immediate release of hormones. For example, when there is a bee chasing you, adrenaline is immediately relased, due to postive feedback
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Graves’ disease: Graves’ disease occurs would the thyroid hypersecreting to much TH. This involves in stress levels, a bulging neck, plumped eyes, fever, and problems with the bathroom. It can be deteremined with a simple blood test to see if there is anything different with the blood.
Hyposecretion and hypersecretion of the growth hormone: With they hypersecretion of the growth hormone this can lead to gigantism, with people possibly being able to reach 8 feet height. With hyposecretion of the growth hormone this can lead to dwarfism. Dwarfism is when people are abnormally small and may only reach a max height of 4 feet.
Diabetes insipidus: this is a result of to much or to little sugar in the blood. ADH defection, damage to the hypothalamus, and damage to the posterior pituitary may also be why this may occur and it can be treated with being well hydrated.
Hyposecretion of Thyroid hormones T3 and T4: this can lead to myxedema. Myxedema causes for low metabolic rate, abnormal skin, bulged eyes, chills, constipation, and lack of having energy. These hormones are critical for homeostasis and normal body growth.
Cushing’s syndrome/ disease: This disease depresses causes catilage/bone formation and immune system. It inhibits inflammation and it disrupts the nervous system.
Addison’s disease: Addisons is caused by hyposecretion of Corticosterone. A decrease in plasma glucose and Na+ levels. Treatment for this involves corticosteroid replacement therapy.
Hormones produced and their functions with there target organs
Thymulin, Thymopoitentins, and thymosins: thes are involved with normal development of T lympocytes in immune response. They are heavily found in children but apppear less with time and age.
Testosterone: testrone allows for male organs to grow and develop. It is vital for sperm reproduction and is maintains the reproductive organs in a functional state. It us what also give men there sex drive.
Estrogen: Estrogen is meant to allow for the maturation of reproductive organs. It allows for these organs to grow and develop allowing for sexual charictherits to occur.
Corticosteroids: These steroids are not held within cells and have different rates of release. Three main corticosteroids are released; Mineralcorticoids, Glucocorticoids, and gonadocortiocoids. These all usually influence the metabolismn and allow it to keep functioning properly. These hormones are also sex hromones meant to stimulate sex drive, and onset of puberty. These
Thyroid hormone: This is the bodies major metabolic hormone. It can be foun din two forms T3 and T4, Both are Iodine containing amine hormones. They enter target cells and bind to intercellur receptors. These hormones regulate metabolism, growth and development, and out blood pressure.
Glucagon: Glucagon is secreted when ther isn’t enoug sugar in the bloodstream. To regulate this glucagon is secretes and it raises the blood sugar levels.
Insulin: Insulin is secreted when there is to much sugar in the bloodstream Insulin regulates the amount of blood in the bloodstream and makes sure the levels aren’t to hihj .
melatonin: Meltonin is what manages sleep for our brains. Melatonin is secreted when it is night and it is continually secreted throughout the night to help make us stay asleep. If melatoiin is secreted to much then we stay asleep to long and if melatonin is secreted to little, we wake up during the night consisitanlty.
Oxytocin: Is composed of 9 amino acids and is a strong stimulant for uterine contractions. It has both postive and negative feedback mechanisms, and it acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.
Antidiuretic hormone: This hormone targets the kidney tubules meant to reabsorb more water to inhibit/prevent urine formation. It can be released by.a trigger of pain, drugs, and low blood pressure.
Prolactin: This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary and it stimulates milk producing in females. In males it still isn’t fully understood.
Follicle-stimulating hormone: in the ovaries and testies in emails and is stimulated by GnRH and is inhibited by feedback inhibitation exerted by inhibit and estrogens.