Nature and Nurture
/ Outcomes - Advanced

Scenery

glacier /ˈɡlæsiər/

crater /ˈkreɪ.tər/

🚩 river mouth C1

cove [бухта]

gorge

  • a narrow and usually steep valley [узкое ущелье]

plain

  • a large area of flat land [равнина]

dunes /dʒuːn/

ridge
a long, narrow piece of high land, esp along the top of a mountain [горный хребет]

cliff
an area of high, steep rocks beside the sea [утес, скала]

steep [крутой]

  • (of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle

range

  • a line of hills or mountains
  • [горный кряж]

waterfall

wetland
a large area of land covered with swamp or marsh
[болотистая местность]

adjectives

= breathtaking B2

  • extremely exciting, beautiful, or surprising

= stunning B2

  • extremely beautiful or attractive:

= steep B1 [крутой]

  • (of a slope) rising or falling at a sharp angle

= 🚩sheer C2

  • extremely steep; almost vertical:

=jagged cliffs /ˈdʒæɡ.ɪd/

  • very rough and sharp [зубчатый, зазубренный]

click to edit

Stray from the path = MOVE AWAY

Thick B1 густой, dense B2 густой, плотный

Track B1 - a narrow path or road [тропа]

Rolling hill; rolling plain

  • (of hills) gently rising and falling

Barren landscape / barren plain

  • Land that is barren does not produce crops.
  • barren grassland -- lush
  • flat plain - rolling plain
  • stray from the paths -- stick to the paths
  • murky /ˈmɜː.ki/ - crystal clear

🚩 scramble down C2

  • to move or climb quickly but with difficulty, often using your hands to help you:
    [карабкаться, пробираться]

animals

🚩 woodland C2
an area of land with a lot of trees
лесистая местность

  1. It's very popular with birdwatchers because it's at the 🚩mouth of a river 🚩and there's a lot of wetland that attract birds.
  2. There's a very narrow ridge / steep ridge leading up to the main peak and the views are breathtaking / stunning.
  3. We sometimes gather mushrooms in the 🚩woodland🚩 near us, but you have to be careful not to stray from the paths as it's so thick / dense you can easily get lost.
  4. It's miles from civilisation, really. You just drive along dirt roads / tracks across these huge flat / rolling plains. And it's all pretty barren - just brown grassland.
  5. It's a mecca from climbers because there are these amazing sheer / jagged cliffs on either side of the valley / gorge. I saw quite a few people climbing without ropes. They must be nuts.
  6. The road winds along the coastal cliffs and there are these little coves where you can scramble down to sandy / rocky beaches and have a dip. The water's amazing - 🚩crystal clear 🚩 / very murky.

click to edit

Men and women

• You’ve probably heard of the idea that • The theory was actually popularized over 20 years ago
• Book, …, which has now sold over 50 mln copies worldwide • The book suggest that relationships fail because we don’t take account of the fundamentally different ways men and women communicate.
• His book’s been followed by numerous other self-help guides over the years
• There have also been other best-sellers such as …, which suggests that women need to overcome their natural tendencies and be more 🚩 pushy 🚩 – more like men - in order to get ahead in business.
• how far are these behaviours natural - hard-wired in our brains through evolution

It builds a nest.
It can sense the slightest movement.
It tunnels down into the earth.
It can blend into the background.
It can withstand freezing temperatures.
It gnaws through tree bark.
It puffs up his chest.
It leaps out and snatches its prey.
It stores reserves of fat.
It lets out a high-pitched squeal.

  1. He’s a terrible gossip – he’s always spreading rumors about everyone in the office.
  2. She’s never less than 100% honest. She certainly doesn’t mince her words. She can be very blunt sometimes.
  3. Once he starts talking, he never shuts up. No one else can get a word in edgeways!
  4. She’s always twisting what I say and trying to put words into my mouth.
  5. He’s got no manners! He’s always butting into other people’s conversations.
  6. She’s a great listener – always good to go to if you need a shoulder to cry on.
  7. He’s not very articulate. I mean, he seems to find it quite a struggle to express himself.
  8. I wish she’d stop beating about the bush and get to the point. This is taking forever!

• It’s common knowledge that men and women do things differently, isn’t it?
• It’s easy to assume these books must be bases on valid scientific research
• Indeed, even a cursory inspection of the literature of linguistics and gender reveals that men and
• Take the notion that women talk more.
• A book in 2007 reported that … but when the claim was challenged, the author, Louann Brizendine, couldn’t provide a source
• textIn fact, research in the journal Science has shown both sexes talk equally as much
• Then there’s the belief that men interrupt more because biologically more aggressive and programmed to use language more competitively.
• Evidence from Janet Hyde actually suggests that in neutral situations, women and men interrupt equally.but this is not to do with gender but rather the power relationship between the speakers.
• When talking to a boss we won’t butt in, but they will..
• In short, no difference whatsoever!
• Finally, if these supposed language differences were biological, we would expect them to be universal
• However, to take just one example,the men pride themselves on their ability to speak indirectly and never say what they mean, while the women frequently give voice to their anger by launching into lengthy swearing sessions
• behaviour which is a reversal of the Mars and Venus stereotypes of aggression and indirectness
• Well, sweeping generalisations such as ‘Women are more in touch with their feelings’ appeal because they match longstanding stereotypes
• We look for and cite evidence to back up a traditional view, but ignore or fail to search for contradictory evidence!
• Take the psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen, who argues in his book
• The Essential Difference that male brains are analytical and goal-orientated, which makes them wonderful scientists and lawyers; while the female’s empathetic brain is best for jobs like teaching and counselling.
• Furthermore, all of this is often reinforced by our biased use of language, where we’ll still often specify a male nurse or a female doctor. Ultimately then, when and how people communicate