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CRITICAL REVIEW ESSAY, study regarding alcoholism and substance abuse…

- - - - In his seminal text, Effective health communication - a key factor in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, Finset auspiciously highlighted the techniques to fruitful health information communication.
  - - - The author stated that effective communication of health information is attainable by means of limiting the number of spokesperson.
        
        Example: Following the COVID-19 vaccination programme, the government faced a colossal obstacle in gaining the trust and confidence of the people as there are a lot of inflammatory comments and false pieces of information regarding the vaccine.
        
        The more it is described, people then slowly build their trust in the vaccine.
        - As of October 2021, the adult population with complete doses has reached over 90%, followed by 33.4% of total cumulative booster doses administered in January 2022.
        
        Lim Lip Eng, (Kepong MP) has called on the government to appoint a single committed spokesman on Covid-19 vaccine issues so that there is no confusion or contradicting information. (Malaysiakini, 2021)
        
        Solution: Vaccine-related information disseminated by co-chairpersons of JKJAV:
        - Science, Technology, and Innovation Minister Khairy Jamaluddin
        - Health Minister Dr Adham Baba.
        
        US CERC Manual (2014), - *“spokespersons allow the public to put a face to the task of responding to, investigating, and resolving a problem. In addition to what a spokesperson says, how he or she handles public and media queries helps develop credibility for an organisation. It also aids the public's transition from crisis to recovery.”*
        
        Considering the author’s view, it is TRUE that the spokesperson holds the key to prevent mass confusion.
    - - The author emphasizes the vital need of collective action in initiating behavioral change, physical interventions in the environment, and implementing restrictive legislation to flatten the curve, and reducing the infection rate.
        
        gaining citizens' trust
        
        Take a far-sighted approach focused beyond the immediate response to the crisis and toward recovery and resilience
        
        Providing clear, accurate, and real-time information
        
        Communicate early and often
        
        Employ context- appropriate technology
        
        Make use of local government and community interventions to show actual results and boost credibility.
        
        It is very clear that collective action needs to be implemented in mounting an effective response to any pandemic.
        
        High levels of collaboration between governments and citizens are essential to defeating the pandemic. Trust in government is required for such collaboration and coordination to take place.
        
        Facts
        
        Liberia’s experience with the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Trust in government was at a low point when the crisis hit. Top-down strategies -- such as reliance on large field hospitals for Ebola patients -- generated resentment at the community level early on. But once the national response became better coordinated with community-driven solutions, the spread of the disease began to slow. The lesson learned is that **while national leadership is indispensable, it must be combined with local solutions that generate voluntary compliance, cooperation, and trust in the authorities**.
        
        In Nigeria, this has meant direct text-messaging and robocalls to citizens reminding them to wash hands and stay at home. But appeals to citizens for individual action must be backed by a credible government commitment to protecting the vulnerable and providing essential services, thus maintaining solidarity, reciprocity, and social cohesion. In low-income countries, this requires assistance from the international community to mobilize resources for safety nets, cash transfers, and other initiatives that address multiple problems, such as green job creation programs
    - - The author pointed out that recognition of the consequence of prolonged isolations on mental health, peculiarly on the vulnerable individuals, must be taken into serious discussion and action.
        
        The stress levels in isolation can further enhance due to other risk factors such as financial problems, fear of death or death of loved ones or caregivers, fear of losing jobs, etc
        
        A noticeable that post isolation has increased the consumption of alcohol and substance abuse among individuals as a means to cope with the stress caused by isolation.
        
        According to the Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS), Wave 1 collected from March 29 to April 3, 2020, 14.0% of Canadians aged 15 and older increased their consumption of alcohol, 6.5% increased their consumption of cannabis and another 3.3% their use of tobacco, during the early COVID-19 period. Also, people aged 15 to 34 were more likely to report increased use of each substance than those aged 55 and older. Canadians aged 15 to 34 were also more likely to have increased their consumption of cannabis than those aged 35 to 54
        
        Those who are subject to domestic violence.
        
        Isolation has also caused a lot of frustration among partners which has led to an increase in domestic violence as well.
        
        Isolation has also caused a lot of frustration among partners which have led to an increase in domestic violence as well. According to the United Nations entity UN Women, domestic violence reports in France have increased 30% since they initiated a March 17 lockdown. Domestic violence calls in Argentina have increased 25% since their March 20 lockdown. The organization also reports a 30% increase in helpline calls in Cyprus and 33% increase in Singapore.
        
        The isolation can be deteriorating particularly for people with pre-existing mental disorders such as those who are already suffering from anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
        
        When it comes to mental health, extra care should be taken care for Vulnerable populations including children and adolescents, the elderly, unemployed and homeless persons, COVID-19 survivors, healthcare workers, people with pre-existing psychiatric disorders, people with disabilities and chronic diseases, etc.
        
        general effects of isolation
        
        Social isolation for a short period can itself induce negative emotions such as anger and sadness and can even affect cognitive abilities. Whereas prolonged isolation has been linked with an increased risk of depression, suicidal thoughts, and risk of early mortality. (Baumeister and Leary, 1995; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2010)
        
        A recent systematic review (Brooks et al., 2020) revealed that quarantined people reported various psychological issues, such as acute stress symptoms, anxiety, insomnia, and emotional exhaustion.
        
        Effects of prolonged isolation on the mental health of adults must also be taken into consideration as people's mental health is as important as their physical well-being.
- - - - Who's the author ?
        
        Arnstein Finset
      - Who is the source ?
        
        Elsevier
      - Contact information of publisher
        
        arnstein.ﬁnset@medisin.uio.no
      - URL of the source
        
        www.journals.elsevier.com/patient-education-and-counseling
  - - - All the academic journals are reliable and authoritative sources because it is independent, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy
    - - yes, most of the article referred by 2020 and 2019
  - - - 2020
    - - Covid-19 started globally March 2020. The author took to do this research approximately 3-6 months