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Research Methods - Coggle Diagram
Research Methods
Descriptive statistics
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Standard deviation- how much a set of scores vary from the mean- if smaller they're clustered around the mean, if larger more spread out
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Observational techniques
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Non-participant
behaviour is observed but under conditions where certain variables have been organised by the researcher
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Validity
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Concurrent
A means of establishing validity by comparing an existing test or questionnaire with the one you are interested in
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temporal
Temporal validity is a type of external validity that refers to the validity of the findings in relation to the progression of time.
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Assessment of validity
How successful your experiment is, did it do what you set out to achieve?
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Sampling
Stratified
identifying sub groups or strata according to their frequency in the population participants are then selected randomly from the sub groups. Divided into further characteristics e.g gender, age
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Opportunity
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Biased/not representative, only those willing to take part
Systematic
sample members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point but with a fixed, periodic interval.
Some might not want to take part, making it not systematic
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Volunteer
Advertise on a notice board or a newspaper and people respond if they are willing (freely chosen) to take part in the study.
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Accessible to a variety, might be more representative
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Experimental Methods
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Natural
Conducted when it is not possible, for ethical or practical reasons, to deliberately manipulate an IV
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Quasi
The IV is naturally occurring and the DV may also be measured in a lab. Difference between people that exist
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Participants may be aware of being studied, lacks internal validity
Variables
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Confounding variable
influences both the dependent variable and independent variable, affecting validity
how tired a participant is might affect their memory, not that they have a bad memory
Control
random allocation
Allocating participants randomly to experimental groups or conditions with random techniques e.g putting names in a hat
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randomisation
process of making groups of items random (in no predictable order), like shuffling cards in a card game
Peer review
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Assessed for originality, validity and significance
Allocation of research funding: it must be spent responsibly and organisations must choose which is more worthwhile
Finding an expert isn't always possible so if someone with poor understanding is used it might mean that research is passed when it shouldn’t
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Demand Characteristics
The changing of behaviour wanting to show yourself in the best light, being under pressure
Investigator effects
When a researcher (consciously or unconsciously) acts in a way to support their prediction, influencing the participant through the investigators behaviour
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