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Earthquakes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Example: In 1970, an earthquake off the coast of Peru destabilized the slopes of Mount Huascaran and caused a massive landslide, The landslide travelled at more than 160km/h, flattening the town of ranrahirca in seconds. More than 18000 died with only 200 survivors.
  - - - The earthquake in Tohoku, Japan in 2011 caused a tsunami which travelled 10 kilometers inland. Extensive structural damage resulted in hundreds of thousands of people being forced from their homes. This resulted in a severe housing shortage and concerns about the long term consequence on the health of the people.
  - - - Example: The earthquake in Kobe, Japan, in 1995 damaged pipes and transmission lines, This disrupted the supply of electricity, gas and water to around 1 million of Kobe city's 1.4 million residents.
  - - - Example: After the earthquake in Kobe, Japan, in 1995, many location in the city became inaccessible or difficult to reach
        The earthquake in Tohoku, Japan required $300 billion to repair the damages caused. This amount would have been much greater if not for the enforcement of building codes in Japan, which resulted in less damage to infrastructure.
  - - - An unusually large sea wave
    - - The movement of the sea floor during a large earthquake at the subduction zones
      - An explosive underwater volcanic eruption
      - A landslide above sea level which causes materials to plunge into the water. These landslides can be caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions
    - - Tsunamis travel long distances and cause widespread destruction at costal areas when it sweeps inland.
        
        Example: In 2004, a 9.2 magnitude earthquake in the Indian Ocean caused a tsunami. This tsunami caused damages to 12 coastal communities. Banda Aceh, a city in Indonesia suffered the most damage, sweeping houses inland or out to sea with its' waves which were 4 to 39 meters high and went 10km inland
  - - - Example: An 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Tohoku, Japan in 2011 caused an estimated 28000 deaths
- - - - examples
        
        Devastating earthquake in Tohoku, Japan. 2011 and earthquake in the Indian Ocean in 2004 are caused by convergence of plate boundaries
  - - - The origin of sesmic waves
    - - The point on earth's surface directly above the focus
    - - Smaller earthquakes caused by the stress from underground as a result of the original earthquake event
- - - - Successes: Authorities often create stricter building codes to ensure a higher safety level than before. For example, after the earthquake in Kobe, Japan, in 1995, Japan spent billions developing technology to build more earthquake-resistant buildings.
      - Limitations: Reinforced building built to protect against earthquake might not be protected against tsunamis. Additional protection could be coastal protection structures such as breakwaters. For example, although many of Chile's buildings are earthquake resistant, the coastal areas suffered massive damage from a tsunami when an earthquake struck in 2010.
      - Description: Infrastructure and amenities are rebuilt and improved after a disaster.
    - - Successes: Mental problems can be identified and addressed early. For example, a year after the earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2011, anxiety and depression were identified amongst all age groups of the affected population. This resulted in a greater number of health workers being deployed in the area.
      - Limitations: Improving health options, such as restoring the of people after an earthquake, can be very challenging. For example, many survivors, such as those in Haiti after the earthquake in 2010, continue to lack access to basic necessities.
      - Description: Health options such as long-term counselling are provided to cope with the long-lasting trauma after losing a loved one, homes or jobs due to an earthquake
  - - - Successes: Some survivors are found after being trapped for a couple of weeks without food. For example, after the earthquake in Tohoku, Japan, in 2011, sniffer dogs and heat sensors were deployed and successfully rescued many who were trapped.
      - Description: People trapped under collapsed buildings are quickly located and freed
      - Limitations: Rescue workers only have a limited times of 72 hours, or three days to find trapped survivors before survivors likely die without food and water. For example, rescue workers had a limited time of three days to rapidly search through two towns after the earthquake in Tohoku in 2011.
    - - Description: The injured are treated and provided clean drinking water to prevent dehydration and the spread of diseases
      - Successes: The provision of immediate aid helps survivors to live. For example, after the earthquake in Afyon in 2002, the Turkish Red Crescent Society immediately responded by delivering 20,000 tents, 50,000 blankets and 3,000 heaters to the region.
      - Limitations: Medical supplies, food and water may not be sufficient, causing social unrest. For example, after the earthquake in Haiti in 2010, looting and fighting broke out as people fought for food and medical supplies.