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SCI | MARINE LIFE - Coggle Diagram

- - - - E.X. glucose-energy storage, chitin-structuring in shelled orgs, cellulose-structuring in plants
  - - - DNA-instructs construction of body. passed on in gametes.
      - entirety of an org's genetic info=genome
      - RNA-no thymine, has uracil. function: convert info from DNA to proteins, regulate gene expression, trigger immune responses, store genetic info in some orgs.
  - - - process: 1) absorb sunlight via photosynthetic pigments(E.X.chlorophyll). 2) sunlight converted into ATP. 3)ATP+water+CO2=glucose. 4)glucose used as energy to synthesize other organic compounds
      - heterotrophs: get energy from autotrophs' organic matter. both heterotroph&autotroph do cellular respiration
        
        aerobic respiration: glucose broken down by oxygen, releases energy& stored in ATP
        
        anaerobic respiration: no oxygen, inefficient. only used when oxygen depleted
    - - E.X. bacteria add hydrogen sulfide+CO2+water=glucose
  - - - smtimes excretion used as fertilizers, release excess nitrogen to environment→eutrophication(excessive richness of nutrients)
- - - - body forms: 1)polyp form-mouth upward. 2)medusa form-mouth towards substrate(bottom)
  - - - Copepods-swim in plankton w/ elongated antennae, eat plankton&are food source
      - Amphipods-curved body, laterally flattened
      - Krill-filter feed on diatoms, food source for many
      - Decapods-economically imp as food
        
        shrimp&lobster-laterally compressed body w/ elongated abdomen, scavengers(eat detritus), benthic
        
        crab-small abdomen under cephalothorax(body)
      - isopod-dorsoventrally flattened, parasites
      - barnacle-filter feed, attached to surfaces, biofouling
  - - - chordata(phylum) characteristics: single hollow nerve cord along dorsal length, pharyngeal gill slits(openings at anterior), notochord(for support&between nerve cord & gut), post-anal tail
        
        subphylum 2: Tunicates: all marine. E.X. sea squirts-sac like body, attached to hard surface. have incurrent&excurrent siphon, filter feeders. salps(pelagic tunicates) have transparent&barrel bodies
        
        subphylum 3 lack back bone
        
        subphylum1: hemichordates: share characteristics w/ chordata&echinoderms→connection between vertebrate&invertebrate
- - - - protist
      - plants
      - animal
      - fungi
  - - - cyanobacteria: abundant, first photosynthetic orgs, accumulated oxygen in atmosphere, produced stromalies(fossils) that gave record of ancient times, contain phycocyanin&phycoerythrin. when former dominant, appears blue-green, when latter dominant, appears red(harmful).
    - - protist: swim via flagella, consume food+photosynthesis.
      - diatoms: often aggregate into chains together. cell-wall called frustule: made of silica, w/ ribs to let light pass through for efficient photosynthesizing, sunk cell-walls form diatomaceous ooze, used to make abrasives. stores lipids for flotation→biofuel. contribute to oxygen.
      - Dinoflagellates: 1 flagella wrapped in mid of body for rotation, other as tail for movement. photosynthesis + ingest food. imp. primary producers in warm areas. produces toxic substances during bloom. E.X. brevetoxin causes shellfish poisoning. bioluminescence from luciferin+oxygen.
        
        Zooxanthellae, group of dinoflagellates. symbiotic relationship between it and reef-building corals, coral shelter zooxanthellae while latter give carbon&OM to grow coral skeleton
    - - eukaryotic, single celled, diverse
        
        Foraminiferans
        
        have pseudopodia(extension of cytoplasm)-moves food in&out of cell. benthic. have shell.
        
        planktonic foraminiferans-shells around spines→buoyancy. shell sediment=calcareous ooze.
        
        radiolarians
        
        secrete shell of silica, radio shape, have pseudopodia, sediment=siliceous ooze
        
        ciliates
        
        have cilia(feeding&movement), can be inside orgs, on seaweeds/sediments
- - - - E.X. seagrasses-only marine flowering plant. horizontal stems-rhizomes. pollens of small flowers carried by currents. after fertilization, seeds carried by current/grazers of sea grasses. can only be on shallow places(do photosynthesis), form thick beds→habitat&food