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bonding - Coggle Diagram
bonding
ionic bonding
- the metal atom gives up its outer shell electrons to gain a full outer configuration - this forms a positive Cation
Magnesium (2,8,2) > Magnesium [2,8] 2+
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- the non metal atom gains electrons to fill up its outer shell configuration
- this forms a negative Anion
fluorine (2,7) > fluorine [2,8]-
properties
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does conduct electricity when dissolved in a polar solvent such as water because the ions are free to become mobile charge carriers
ionically bonded substances form a giant ionic lattice in which attracting ions are held together by electrostatic attraction in a lattice structure
covalent bonding
properties
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the larger the molecules the higher the melting point because the stronger the intermolecular forces are
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covalent bonds - covalent bonds are a pair of shared electrons between two different substances
this forms molecules
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metallic bonding
metals have a structure in which the outer shell electrons are delocalised and sit in between the regular lattice of metallic cations holding them together
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properties
layers have a regular arrangement
- this means that the layers can slip and slide over one another easily
- resulting in metals being ductile and easy to bend
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alloys
alloys are mixtures that contain a metal and another element
- this makes them harder than regular metals and therefore more useful
- this is because the other element disturbs the regular layout of metal atoms and therefore the layers do not slip and slide as easily
steel
- steel is an alloy made from iron and carbon
- higher carbon content - the harder and stronger it is
- lower carbon content - the softer it is
special materials
fullerenes
- hollow shapes such as tubes or spheres formed of hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
- can be used as lubricants
- can be used in nanotechnology and electronics
nanotechnology
- nanoparticles are tiny particles that only contain a few hundred atoms
- have a large SA/V ratio
- used in medicine because of their tiny size
- used in cosmetics
- used to conduct electricity , used in computer chips
graphene
- graphene is a single layer of graphite
- nearly transparent
- very strong, very good heat and electricity conductor due to the delocalised electrons
- used in electronics and composite materials
polymerisation
polymers
- polymers are long chains of repeating units