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Gallipoli - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Severe disease common: long queue for medicine, must send some back to duty, or else there's no one left to fight
    - - geology composed of mainly limestone→no surface or shallow water→built wells→well water salty, contaminated by sea→salty water makes one more dehydrated→bad cycle
        
        lack of water→personal hygiene bad→lot of diseases in place of many corpses
        
        dysentery: torturing psychologically
        
        soldiers weak
  - - - Source: The landing was a difficult one. A narrow, sandy beach backed by a very high intricate mass of hills, those behind the beach being exceedingly steep. The moment the boats landed the men jumped out and rushed straight for the hills rising almost cliff-like only fifty yards or so beyond the beach.--letter by Captain Guy Downway
    - - much steeper ridge than expected
        
        once inland, surrounded by hills, interlocking lines→surrounded by fire
      - map shown less ridges→raisers edge(actual valley, known for steepness) between plateau&destination
        
        even in valleys, soldiers hit by shell fragments and shrapnel balls
        
        man can only dig into mountain sides
      - devised gun w/ mirrors to snipe w/o exposing head
      - tunneling& tunnel war→psychological terror
  - - - refuse aid from Royal Flying Corps, no reconaissance
        
        lack of intelligence during beach ladings→generals "unsure of situation on ground"→Allies lost only chance of turning favors
        
        British maps: lacking contours of hills, barbed wire placements, trench & machine gun positions→soldiers expected flat landscape
      - Turkish defensive forcesx2, dug into overlooking positions on hill, troops given course in defending Brltish specialty: bayonet.
      - Source: the turks had sited their trenches veyr cleverly and it was often useless to attack one set before another had been taken. The turks dig like moles and prepare line after line for defense: 7/8 behind the other--staff captain 86th brigade
      - Insufficient fleet magnitude at Dardanelles, only old battleships, no using the navy in North Sea. No troops sent on peninsula to help naval invasion.
        
        Insufficient artillery&ammunition, guns broke after long use
      - Unequipped appearance of Turkish troops hid truth of their high discipline and military virtues from cheap&difficult civil life. Turks also switched off ineffective generals. Turks had motivation as they're defending home
      - British operations on peninsula on assumption that Turks will see&run, untrue, led to excessive risks taken
      - General Sanders designed mobile formation w/ defense on heights during British Gallipoli landing→effective
      - plan during second landing: ambitious: complex terrain, weak troops, long distance, during night, no time for mistakes, or else the Turks will be ready defending, assumed Turks fight badly
    - - Attacks carried out w/o method, controllers not listened to by soldiers when telling instructions
      - Man stupified after kept in trenches for days+no fresh troops
    - - different ammunition supplies mixed
    - - Overcomplicated landing plans intended to diffuse Turkish powers but instead dispersed own forces, made all vulnerable& incoherent offensive
        
        A Hamilton-typical-plan: many elements dependent on each other, but as separate entities unable to help each other achieve success.
      - Bad decision to put troops on Y beach for confusion& cutting Turkish communication, but steep gully at Y=troops don't advance, even when Hamilton had accurate recording by RNAS of Turkish behavior.
        
        Source: We were instructed to show on the chart of the peninsula all places where landing was deemed to be difficult or impossible...We received the operation order for the landing and were amazed to find that the Army had decided to land at nearly all the places which we had reported as being either difficult or impossible.--Geoffrey Ryland, HMS Ark Royal
        
        Detail: Hunter-Weston(major general) doubted Hamilton, thought British would be stuck as long line
    - - soldiers are just civilians in uniforms
  - - - more Allied casualties
        
        Source: Well, only one shell really hit anything that mattered and that was a bay next to our own dugout occupied by nine of my men. With the exception of three, they were all literally blown to pieces and unrecognisable--Captain Thomas Watson
  - - - rain→trenches collapsed→soldiers can't work regularly, no communication. Flooding particularly severe at S beach
        
        temp. drop→frostbite: soldiers insensitive at first
        
        Approaching winter: piers and breakwaters can't withstand storm, need dugouts, winter uniform, depots→snow lethal to soldiers w/ summer clothes→require vigor in generals' responses to motivate
        
        200 fatalities, over 5000 men had frostbite
        
        reduce fighting capacity
        
        Especially for S beach: flat terrain w/ river beds→snow all over+ice water to knee
- - - - historically, Turkey always dismembered for has natural resources& position centering trade routes, but utilizes these badly
- - - - Started trench warfare: stalemate
        
        Second landing: no breakthrough
        
        Withdrawal successful
        
        Frostbite&troops unequipped. One snowstorm had 16000 cases frostbite and 300 deaths
        
        Plan: night attack on Hill Q(where Turks scarce), sweep down hill next day
        
        attempt at breakthrough: attack at Nek(a ridge) close to Turkish trenches, didn't synchronize time between British and ANZAC→gave Turks time to prepare→huge casualties
      - British had multilayered operations with ambitious timetable
      - British landed on X,W,S beaches and even Y(with a steep gully): landings, support landings, diversionary landing, distracting demonstrations
      - pink=anzac, black=british, circle=landing spot