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Cinema in the History of Media Studies, “House of Cards thus embodies one…

- - - - replicate nature
        
        through
        
        the camera obscura
        
        uses
        
        a small hole which "blocks the scattering lights that are otherwise omnipresent and thus makes the reflection sharp"
        (Kittler, 2.1, 53)
        
        combined for the "first time"
        (Kittler, 2.1, 63
        
        the (automatic) optical transmission of information with the (manual) optical storage of information
        
        enabled one to
        
        was used
        
        in experiments
        
        Joseph Niepce
        
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        the lanterna magica
        
        shone
        
        light through interposed concave mirrors or lenses into a dark room onto a screen, illuminating "drawn and often colored pattern" using an often artificial light source
        (Kittler, 2.2, 70)
        
        which influenced
        
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        projected onto
        
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        “turns inside out”
        (Kittler, 2.2, 70)
        
        to
        
        produce enlarged, illusionary image of the supernatural (Kittler, 2.2, 71, 73)
        
        linear perspective
        
        which attempts to ensure
        
        "that all of the lines, corners, and proportions in an image appear exactly the same as the image they reproduce on the retina"
        (Kittler, 2.1, 59)
        
        worked on
        
        the "implicit (and later entirely explicit) assumption of an infinite universe, which corresponded to an infinitely distant vanishing point in every single perspective painting" (Kittler, 2.1, 50)
        
        was "perfected" and "automated" through
        (Kittler, 2.1, 52)
        
        into
        
        three-dimensions
        
        with
        
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        oriented around
        (Steyerl, 17)
        
        the horizon
        
        Temporal meaning of linear perspective as “calculable, navigable, and predictable”
        (Steyerl, 18)
        
        Notion of linear time predictability
        (Steyerl, 18)
        
        vs.
        
        mirrored viewer in
        
        through
      - reproduce more images
        
        through
        
        made available manuals, specifications and technical drawings
        
        which
        
        "set other media free" (Kittler, 2.1, 67)
        
        allowing one to
        
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        as a reaction against the Reformation's Book
        
        using
        
        The Jesuit Order
        
        Jesuits used lanterna magika to "inner hallucinations caused by the spiritual exercises of the order's founder, Ignatius Loyola, were reduced to optical illusions for the lay public" in propaganda war of Catholic Counter-reformation, pitting image against book
        (Kittler, 2.2, 84)
        
        projected
    - - "Visual culture has changed form. It has become detached from human eyes and has largely become invisible” (Paglen, 2)
      - vision has become automated (Paglen)
      - “The machine-machine landscape forms a kind of hyper-ideology that is especially pernicious precisely because it makes claims to objectivity and equality” (Paglen, 10)
- - - - by
        
        "endowing real or imagined objects or entities with self-contained, mysterious, and even magical powers to move and shape the world in distinctive ways” (Harvey, 1)
    - - labor
        
        through
        
        when
      - models, abstracts, rationalizes
    - - monopolies
        
        through
- - - - technology
        
        in hopes to
        
        extract “excess profits relative to the social average” with “superior technologies” (Harvey, 6)
        
        like
        
        Including, software, hardware, and organizing technologies (Harvey, 6)
        
        the logistics revolution (Bernes)
        
        “Capitalism has been global from the very start, emerging form within the blood-soaked matrix of the mercantile expansion of the early modern period. Later on, its factories and mills were fed by planetary flows of raw material, and produce for a market which is likewise international” (Bernes, 4)
        
        focused on
        
        lean and flexible business
        
        used
        
        Business logistics “building upon innovations in military logistics” … interchange between military, industry and the academy (Bernes, 9)
        
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        “Microscan provide full-fledged imaging systems designed to flag defects in workmanship or materials, and to oversee packaging, shipping, logistics, and transportation for automotive, pharmaceutical, electronics, and packaging industries” (Paglen, 4)
        
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        when
        
        is “a (or even the) source of profit as opposed to recognizing that profit arises out of a social relation between labor and capital” (Harvey, 7)
        
        was used to
        
        like
        
        directing navigation of naval and colonial ships (Kittler, 2.1, 52)
        
        which was used in
        
        ballistics
        (Kittler, 2.1, 52)
        
        the printing press
        
        which
        
        Led to the Protestant Reformation based around the Book, and individual, inner faith
        
        which caused the reaction of
        
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        developed into
        
        the rotatory printing press
        
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        mechanized movement with
        
        the railway
        (Schivelbusch)
        
        which
        
        “freed from its organic fetters by steam power” (Shivelbusch, [1] The Mechanization of Motive Power, 7).
        
        and could move
        
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        had the visual effect
        (Schivelbusch)
        
        loss of foreground (impressionism in painting)
        
        landscape visually mediated through railway apparatus
        
        landscape is moving
        
        Led to panorama (static images you walk through)
        
        Circular movement of wheels on tracks
        
        which
        
        prefigured circular movement of zoetrope (infinite loop through slots), praxinoscope (spinning disk), and eventually cinema
        (Schivelbusch)
        
        added movement to still images
        
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        State Propaganda
        
        algorithms
        (Finn)
        
        is
        
        “The pragmatist’s definition grounds its truth claim in utility: algorithms are fit for a purpose, illuminating pathways between problems and solutions” (18)
        
        “Negotiating [the gap between code and culture] is precisely what algorithms do: operating at the intersection of computational and cultural space, they myust compromise or adjudicate between mathematical and pragmatic models of reason” (47)
        
        something that "reliably delivers an expected result within a finite amount of time” (17)
        
        defining new interactions
        
        especially racial ones
        
        Race and Algorithms
        (Benjamin)
        
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        “Models always compress or shorthand reality” (23)
        
        “Abstraction is the ladder Wolfram et al. use to climb from particular computation systems to the notion of universal computation” (25)
        
        Cybernetics -> transition form certainty to probability (27)
        
        are fetishized
        
        “But when algorithms cross the threshold from prediction to determination, from modeling to building cultural structures, we find ourselves revising reality to accommodate their discrepancies” (50).
        
        produce
        
        culture
        
        like
        
        Netflix' House of Cards
    - - Mathematics
        
        to develop
        
        aviation
        
        a vertical perspective
        
        which displaced
        
        philosophically without ground
        (Steyerl, 13)
        
        “Growing importance of aerial views” while “decreasing importance of a paradigm of visuality that long dominated our vision: linear perspective”
        (Steyerl, 14)
        
        power is now distributed vertically
        (Steyerl, 23)
        
        most iconically through
        
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        has no, or changing orientation, objects and subjects are unstabled, decentered (Steyerl)
        
        was produced in part by
        
        satellite television
        
        refers
        
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        defines
        
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        represent
        
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    - - fordism