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LU6- PHILOSOPHY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Enable capacity for human to think in manner that appears only unique to humankind
- - - - Able to remember everything seen, heard & experience
      - But experienced tremendous interference from so many associations; thus, hindering & blocking meaning
      - Senses hooked together
    - - Unable to integrate messages between visual, tactile-motor & auditory-vestibular sections of the brains
      - No longer have any sense space, cannot judge relationships between things, perceived the world as fragmented
    - - Autism spectrum disorder
        
        Characterized as failure to relate to other people in the usual way
        
        Inability to function in the social arena
  - - - cognitive processes=brain mechanism
    - - Formulating and answering questions about universe
        
        the mind-body distinction
        
        the mind-brain distinction
        
        the nature of knowing (epistemology)
      - concerned with the relationship of the mind and mental activity to brain and body and to the external world (mind-body problem)
- - - - The mind is identical to the brain in all aspects
      - Materialism has difficulty explaining the existence of psychological phenomena (thoughts,beliefs,intentions,sensory experiences)
  - - - perfect harmony
      - not influence/interact with each other
      - mental events (occur in parallel series - cannot cause each other as each of different kind
      - physical events (mind and body do not interact but they function in parallel as part of God's plan
  - - - All our conscious reasoning, ideas, knowledge and intelligence reside here
      - Qualia = the ways things seem to us
    - - Dualism is upheld by major religions in the world
      - Overwhelming evidence suggest that mind and brain are closely correlated/ linked
    - - Where we experience the world through our senses
      - It is the interaction between the 2 entities that creates our unique identity
      - Always divisible
- - - - Application of rules of logic to statements about the world
    - - Drawing conclusions based on commonalities observed in specific instances
- - - - True because they are true in the world
      - True because they are linguistically verifiable
  - - - Linguistic Determinism
        
        That the language we speak determines how we perceive and think about the world
        
        Language = filter to reality
        
        E.g. : Hopi : I left on the fifth day
      - Linguistic Relativism
        
        Different languages encode different categories
        
        That speakers of different languages therefore think about the world in different ways
        
        E.g. :
        English :
        Father, Mother, Grandpa and Grandma
        Danish : Mormor, Morfar, Farmor, and Farfar
  - - - Attempt to model human capacities
      - Strives to build intelligent entities as well as understand them.
    - - Formulating & answering questions about the universe
        
        the nature of knowing (epistemology)
        
        the mind-body distinction
        
        the mind-brain distinction
      - Concerned with the problems associated with the functioning of the mind or brain
- - - - Law of nature
      - Genetic inheritance
- - - - the mind if primary source of knowledge
      - ratinalist view
        
        A point of view that states that reason plays the main role in understanding the world and
        obtaining knowledge.
        
        All knowledge is acquired through reasoning
        
        That we understand the world through logic &
        reasoning
        
        Perceiving the world through our senses is
        unreliable/ has limitations
        
        The Wax Argument
        
        The mind is fundamentally rational,
        representational, and rule-governed
        
        Truth can best be discovered by reason and
        factual analysis
        
        Not faith, dogma or religious teaching
        
        Innate Ideas – “Some ideas are present
        from birth”
        
        A Priori Knowledge – “Some ideas are true
        independent of experience”
        
        that knowledge which is independent of experience must be more trustworthy because it has less to do with the senses.
    - - Knowledge derives ultimately from experience and sensation
      - Empiricist view
        
        Knowledge is essentially empirical
        
        Main source of knowledge was the senses
        
        The mind is "white paper, void of all
        characters, without any ideas"
        
        Mind at birth is a Tabula Rasa (i.e. blank slate) -
        Nothing exists in the mind at birth
        
        With growth & development, this “slate” is written
        on by the operation of our “natural faculties
        
        When we learn or experience things, it is as if the
        mind is being written on.
        
        We abstract from what the world presents to us, to arrive at our eventual knowledge of what there is in that world
      - Empirical knowledge
        
        Intuitive = Most obvious and most difficult to doubt
        
        Demonstrative = When we begin to put simple ideas together to
        form complex ones, we are demonstrating something.
        
        Sensitive = Most uncertain because it relies merely on the evidence of the senses.