Napoleon was defeated by the combined army of England, Prussia and Austria (Waterloo, June 1815), after which the kings decided, in the so-called Congress of Vienna (1815), restore the Old Regime, with the same dynasties that had been on the thrones, and curb in line with liberal ideas. But ideas cannot be locked up and in 1820 liberal revolutions were held in Spain, France, Germany, Portugal,
Piedmont (northern Italy), Naples, the Russian Empire, and Greece. A new revolutionary wave came in 1830. The absolutist monarchies managed to return to power three times: after defeating Napoleon and after the revolutions of 1820 and 1830. The generalized economic crisis in Europe and the workers' discontent led to a rapid and extensive wave of revolutions in 1848, also known as The Spring of the Peoples.
