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history USA - Coggle Diagram

- - - - the klan divide dthe usa into 8 domainds each under a grand goblin - the regions were then divided into realms under the control of a grand dragon - the national leader of the kk was called the imperial wizard
      - in 1921 the membership of the kkk had reached 100j nenvers wilst mostky centralised in poorer rural comminites recent scholarship was suggested that agrowing number of muddke class americans were joining the klan. by 1925 at the height of its power, klan memversgip had reached 5 million
      - the key figure in refounding the kk was doc simmons a former methodists preacher from atlanta georgia - the foundation ceremony involved a cross burning and a pledge taken by members to save a white christian society
    - - two leards of the kkk edgar clark and elizabeth tyker were oro fundrasiers and publicity agents, they incorporated modern busiensses and salesmanship yechniques to raise money for the organisation
      - the klan raised niney by making and selling the robes needed for klan activities itself - teh robes cost $3.28 to make and sold for $6.50- all printed materil was published at a vast profit by the klan owned searchlight publishing company
      - new recruits to the klan were charged $10 signing up feee - most of this went to the local klan officials whilsy members were incentivised to recruit others to teh organisation via a comission paid out for each person they recruited
    - - most members of the kkk were from rural communities whi were afraid of changees they neither understood or had control over - they belieed that the whites of nordic stock had brought civikisation to the world but were under threat from elsser races
      - the klan was not only opposed to african americans but also jews catholics and foreigners, it attacked new ideas such as evolution aor working on the sabbath - it also opposed borrowing from non wasp cultures such as jazz music
      - the first kkk had emerged in america following the vicik war - it predominantly targeted african americans who they viewed as being subhuman. many who joined were resentuful at the end of slabery - its reenergence un the usa after 1915 was inspired by the movie birth of a nation as well as increased fear of foreigners following ww1
  - - - teh sinsiter klan symbolised for many the intolerance to different races. the klan had its roots in the small towns and rural communiyies of the southern states of confederacy - it began as a reacyion of the deffeated whites in teh aftermath of the civil war and the fears that their way of life was threatened by the black majority of newly freed slaves - after 1886 a number of armed white racist groups emerged from teg south, the most enduring being the kkk, first established in tenesse
      - most of the members were ex confederate solkdiers and it greq ro a membershio of half a million spread avross the us. the klan praciticed terreorism against the black community targetting esoecially schools and churches, despite attemots by pres grant and the federal army to surpress it, many outrages occured, including nearly 3000 lynchings in the period to 1877 - the first burst of activity died down as the triumphant in the north losy interest in the south wiithderew
        state laws were passed enforcing segregation and duiscrimination in varuous southern states and in a notorious judgement of the supreme court - these were accepted as non contrary to federallaw . 1896
        these developments strenghtened the confidence adn secutity of the white community and lead to a decline in the activities of the klan
      - in the 1920s
        
        the reemergence of the klan during and after the first wirkd war was a complex phenomeon arising fronm a sense wuthin ruralprotestant canmerica of being on the defensive begore an influx of new immiugrants
        the heightened nationalism engendered by the war akso fed the growth of support for the klan - one other reasib for the klans re eemrgence in 1915 was partly due to the film birth of a nation which included graphic and inflammatory threats that black posed esp to white women
        the film seemed to glirify the klan of the 1860s it now influenced a new gen of fearful and prejudiced americans portraying teh reviva of the south as being largely due to the patriotism and loyalty of the klan
        the key figure in refounding the klan was doc simmons - a former methodist preacher from atlanta georgia. the foundation ceremony in 1915 was marrked by setting fire to a large cross on a hill just oustdide atlanta
        pledge taken to save white christian civilisation
        
        by 1921 the movement had 100k members abd ut devekoped a structure which was funded by a subscriotion - each branch became a klavern and severak klaverns a klonkave - klaverns were under a kleage and n klonkaves were headed by agrand dragon - the national chief was the imperial wizaes ,, the title simmonws was appropriated 0 the organisation claimed to have ficve million nenvers ub 1925
        
        the klan put themskeves firward as rge defenders of the american way and simmons spoke of defendung morality americanism and protestantism and white supremacy - they fekt this was challenged by african americans jews adn catholics and apparenyly all foreigners who did not arrive from north west europe - if its re emergence owed something ti birth if a nation ideas it also reflected the dear of the more radical esp socialist political ideas that came from east european immigrants in the early 20th century
        
        the traditional view had been that the kkab prospered most in small communited ifteb settled by the early pioneers where there was a fear of dif ethnic groups, religions political ideas and even cultural taste
        the klan had for example a partic aversuin to jazz - these points refkected the fears of the farmers, attisans and shopkeepers of small town america. however misconceptions about the klan need adressing - the klan was not just a featre of small-town america - recent surverys by kathleen blee have shown that membership was not just restricted to the poor downtrodden americans who felt margianlised but increasinly involved middle class citizens - equally it was not an exclusively rural sothern organisation as there were dranatuc increases in membership from north and central states such as indiana ohio and illinois in partic - there were many places wehere the local police seemed to be klan dominated and the judges were not seen to always remain impartial
        
        simmons had joined forces in 1920 with elizabeth tyler and edgar clark - two experienced southern publicists who proved vert effective fundraisers and money poured in to the alanta hq - tyler and clark pushed out simmons from day ti day control but in 1924 tyler died and clark was sent to jail for fraud. power now came to the exalated cyclopes of the dallas jkan a dentist by the name of hiram wesley evens ,
        he took over as imperial wizard and under his nominal leadership the klan reached its greatest influence in 1925 - hwoever the real driving force for the klans expansion law in the north, here the key figure was david curtis stephenson, grandn dragon of indiana klans - virtually the whole state fell ynder hus control in 1924 when his nominee became governor and his followers dominated the state legislature - Indiana boosted the greatest nynver of klaverns of any state - David stephson was a charismatic leader but his private life undid him and helped to destroy the influence of the whole organisation - he was convicted of the rape of a 28 year old secretary on an overnight train - the self appointed guardians of American values were showing characteristics far removed from the ideals they publically preached
        
        other scandals, usuallu financial followed in other states klans and by 1930 membershup had fallen back to 200k and they were no longer a player on the national stage although theur malicious influences endured in many individual communities
        
        it is difficult to assess the importance of the klan to the black victims of violenece it was asuprememly importat source if real terrror - hwoeever its influence varied geographically to a considerable degree - in its peak ub the year 1925 40% of its members were in three states - indiana, ohio and illinois - another 25% were found in the old south. the pacific coast of new england ecept maine were olargely untouched
        its point of greatest popular political influence was at the 1924 democratic cobcebtion and it had some senators and congressmen in its pocket in some of the deep south states and indiana , it however achieved little at a national level - it was among many pressure groups supporying prohibtion and restriciion of immigration - to many it was simply a social club like the odd fellows or wood men
        groups of white protestant men joined togetehr with like minded mles and grumbled about how the workd was changing - parades and dressing up added some drama but to others it was away of terrorising those of diffreent ethnic origin under the cloak of respectability
- - - - prohibtion illustrates well the contradictions in american society and politics durinh yhis period - supported by those who looked to the givernement for moral regulation - leading teh way to ensure people lived clean wholesome libes - it involved the givernmemy interfering in private life to an unprecedentened degree
      - the 18th ammendment
        
        banned the sale tranporyyaion and manufacture of intoxictaing luquour within the usa
        
        volstead act
        
        the seperate volstead acy definined intoxicating liqour as any drink contaiining moer than half a percent of alcohol - responsibility for enforcememnt was given the treasury - teh first prohibition comissioner charged with implemting the laws was john f kramer
      - prohibtionw was supported by vearioys interest groups
        
        many womens groups saw alcholol as a means wby whivgh men opressed them
        
        big businesses saw drunkness as leading to danger and ineffciency in the work place, particularly in large factories . the rockfeller corporation adn heinz were two examples of large companies that supporyed prohibtion in the interests of greater workforce effeciency
        
        many religious grouos believed alcohol was the work of the devil and was overwhelmingly responsible for sin and wrong doing
        
        supporters of prohibtion seemed to be overwhelmingly protestant kive in small towns in the south and west and except in the south vote repunlican - opponents were likely to be urban of non northern european ethnic origin, roman catholic and vite democrat
        it may seem incredible to us that a nation as large and sophisticated as the usa could even attempt to ban something as commonly available as alcohol. actually there was surprisngly luttke opposition ti tge neasyre - it had been obe of the main policies of the progresive movement,
        there was a widespread belief that alcohol abuse led to sociak probkems that can only be solved by its abolition
        by 1917 27 states had already passed prohibtion laws and there were dry counties were alcohol was not allowed in several others.
        two factors lead to the increase in popularity of prohibtion at this time
        
        the impact of the war
        
        disorganisation of the opposition
    - - the first world war gave several boosts to prohibtion - grain used in the production of alcohol was needed for food as a result many people felt it patriotic to do withouy alcholol,
        in 1917 the lever act banned the use of grian in the manufacture of alcoholic drinks
        many of the largest brewers such as rupert pabst and leiver were of german origin , their businesses had hlped yo finance the nationak german american alliance that had supporyed german interests befie the war, during the war anti german feeling led many not to buy alcohol from these companies
        many people believed that restrained behavior in which people did not drink alcohol would be part of the brave new world created after the ewar, it felt that alcohol led young soldiers who were away from their home for the furst time into temptation nd sinful ways so it was bets to remove ut from their grasp
      - lever act 1917
        
        banned the use of grain in the manufacture of alcoholic drinks
    - - the forces against prhibtion were not well organised there was a march and rally in new york city, a parade in baltimore and a resolution against taking away the working mans beer by the american federation of labor otehr than thus there was little protest
    - - crime and gangsterism
        
        there is not doubt that prohibtion led to a huge growtyh in crime and gangsterism. mobersters controlled territories by force and established monopolies in the manufacture and sake of alcohol. these were defended violently as potentially hugely profitable entreprises were involved.
        john torrio for example ran mosy of the illegal alcohol businesses in chicago and retired in 1925 with savings of $30 million
        gangsters could control politicisans wuth ease - the mayor of chicago big bill thompson allowed gangsters ti function unmolested in his city - in 1923 thomnpson was defeated in the election, following the dicscovery that $1 million had gone missing from public funds, the new chicago authorities tried to enforce prohibiton more effectively.
        undaunted, the gangsters simply moved their hq to the suburbs of cicero park until they couuld get their man elected again
        
        al capone , the most noyories od the gangsters and torrios chosen succesoor became something od a media star, he saw himsekf as embodying the spirir odf free comp and entreprise in the usa, in an age wher ethe gov interferred little in businessm he seemed not to understand that what he was doing was wrong.
        capone was a fervent repiblican despite the fact that yhis was the partt of pbtion prohib=tion provided him with his vast profits.
        when capone finally went to jail in 1932 for income tax evsaasiin ut was estimated his gang had done some $70milluon wirth of business
        capone insisted he never forced anyone to enter his epakeasiesm he felt ge was primarly a buusinessman who supplied what people wanted
        
        capone was also a man of violebnce, where torrio had often negotiayed wiyh rivals, dividin up the areas of the city between them, al capone perferred turf wars, indeed it was the intro of an honest police chieg in chicaho who prosecuted gangsters and cut bootleggers profiys that led to war between the gangsters as they invaded eachoyhers territory
        capone built up an army of 700 gangsters hwich commiyyed over 300 murders in chicagi . on 14th feb 1929 five of his men ddressed as policemen arrfested seven of the ribal bugs moran and shot over 100 bullets into them - st valentines day massacre
    - - the anti saloon league, an organisation which supported prohibtion estimated a $5million budget would be enough to enforce it sucessfully. in the event kramer was given $2 million although kramer insisted that his deparymenyt would ensure alcholol would be neither manufactured nor sold in the usa, prohibtion was to be a classic case of a law being passed that was impossible to enforce. there were seven main reasons for this
        
        geographical difficulyoes
        
        the usa has 18.7k miles of coastline and land border, those watrs jusy outside the national limiys became known as the run row. smuggling was so successful that in 1925 the officer in charge of enforcing prohibtion gussed that agenys only intercepted about 5 if the alcohol coming inti the country illegally
        in 1924 they seized $40million woth of alcolhol so the actual volume of the business has been estimated as $800million
        
        bootleggers
        
        chemists could syill sell alcohol on docyors percription, this was naturlaly open to widespreead abuse. manu peopke known as bootleggers went into business as producers and distributors of illegal alcholo.l. the king of the bootleggers george remus brought yo various breweries on the eve of prohibtion for the manufacyure of medical alcohol. he then arranged for an army of 3000 gangsters to hijack his products and divert them to the illegal stills of the ebig cities. in 5 year remus made $5million
        
        industrial alcohol
        
        industrial nalcohol was easily diverted and redistilled to turn it into an alcoholic c drink. illegal alcohol was ofen called moonshine because it was manufactured in remote areas by the light of the moon. however it could equally ve made in any old buildings. there was of course no quality control. the dangers for drinekrs could be imagined and exotic cocktails were often invented to take away the unpleasant taste and smell of materials intended for industrial manufacture. poisoning from wood alcholol did happen - 34 people died in NYC
        
        problems for treasury agents
        
        at the most 3000 trasuery agents were employed to enforce prohibtion. they were paid an avergage salary of 2.5k to shut down an industry whose profits were estimated at 2 billion annually. it is no wonder that many were corrupt, one federal agent was said to have made $7 million selling illegal licenses and pardons to bootleggers. while agents such as izzy einstein and moe smith became famous for the ingenuity with which they closed down illegal stills ut should be remembered that between 1920,30 10% of prohibition agents were fined with corruption and it is likely that many more escaped prosecution
        
        popularity of the speakeasies
        
        as the 1920s progressed the mood of the nation changed, for many americans partic those living in the cities, theur main aim in life became to have a good time. illegal drinking in speakeasies became popular with many fashionable city dwellersirneddwellers
        
        divisions amongst supporters
        
        again, this dry lobby while bery well organised to achieve prohibtion was ill equpped to help enforce it. the anti saloon leauge for example was bitterly divided, some members sought stricter enforcement laws beliebing the league should be given power over appointment of officers. ithers emphasised education programmes to deter people from drinking in the first place
        
        role of givernnent
        
        some historians have argued that congress did not do more to enforce prohibtion because it did not want to alienate rich and influential voters who enjoyed a drink. addition, this was a period of reduced role by federal government and most state govs were at best lukewarm in enforcement partic where cost was concerned no one in hoc seemed to be prepared to openly say that prohibition could bot be enforced because Americans liked to drink alcohol, however this was nethertheless apparent to many people.
      - end of prohibtion
        
        in 1928 the democratic presidential candidate , al smith advocated the abolition of prohibition. this was an about turn because he had preb crit the repub gov for not enforcing It effectively enough. smith admitted to having served alcohol himself. he also appointed as national chairman of a democratic patyu john j raskob who was also leader of the association against the prohibition ammendment.
        
        the proposal to aboisg prohibtion was too much for many of the democratic supporyers of prohibtion from the rural areas. it had the aggect of splitting the party and helped smith lose the 1928 election. it showed tensiosn within a partyy that was an alliance of urban working classes, different ethnic grouos and conservative forces from rural america partic in the south
        
        president hoover who did win the elction set up the wickersham comission to investigate prohibtion. when it reported after 19 months deliveration the findings were that the law could not be enforved adn yet the comission as a whole favoured a continuation of prohibtion
        
        it was president rooselvelt who finally aboloshed the measure in 1933, the 20th ammendmeny made it the responsibilty of the individual states yo decide on yje isue, iy was an ecample of federal gov cuttting its own power rather than abandoment pf prohibtion in total
      - prohibtiobn - for and against
        
        by yje end fo teh 1920s many people q whetehr prohibtion had been worth it - it had certainly led to an explosion in crime, between 1927 adn 1930 alone there were 227 gangland murders in chcago with only 2 killers every convicted
        if prohibtion helped to create organised crime iy did not die out with isy reapeal
        the gangsfound oyehr areas of vast profit such as gambling prostitution and layter drugs. some argue that ahd it not been for prohibtion such larhe criminal gangs would not have developed in the first place
        moreoever illegal drinking made criminals of a hood percentage of the population . interestingly it had been the working class saloons that tended to shutdown the speakeasies that replaced them tended to sell spirys to a wealthy clientele in this respect prohibition worked to the detriment of the poor
        however support for prohib remained in rural areas while it could take a stranger less than 20 mins to find alcohol suppliers in big cities they were very hard to find where the pop did agree with it
        supporters argeud that alcohol consump fell from an average of 2.6 gallons per person per year in the years before 1917 to one gallon by the 1930s
        
        there were fewer drunken drivers tehrefor safer roads indeed with the massive expansion of motor transport in the 1920s this could be a significant factor in rioad safey.
        there were also less accidents inw ork place which was important when considering the automayion of indistrial production with more complex and potentially dangerous machinary
- - - - political
        
        1919 19th ammendment women were granted the right to vote in federal elections - women now had influence over political decisions, meaning politicians would now have to start appealing to female voters
        
        by 1928, 148 women had seats in state legislatures and 2 had been elected to the position of state governor - the first being natalie taylor ross of wyoming in 1924
        
        a few exceptional women such as harriet taylor upton, emily newell blair and eleanor roosevelt experted unsusual influence in political parties.
        political acvertiser bella moskowtiz became al smiths closest political adviser, helping him win the govern ship of newyork and guiding his 1928 presidential bid
        
        political parties found new places for women with interests in politics - women had participated in political parties well before enfranchisement but in 1920 both the republican and democratic organisationsb created new positions for women =they showcased women at their natonal conventions, they placed women on party commitees and they had created new devisions for the purpose of intergrating new women voters into the party
      - economics
        
        the ecobomic boom provided women with many new opportunities for employment - becoming secrataries, telephone operators and typosts allowed thousands of women to move to the big towns and cities and live more independent lives
        
        25% increase in the number of women working in the 1920a - by 1929 the number of employed women in the usa had risen to 10.6 million
        
        during the 1920s increase in the number of women buying and selling in stocks - the ny times noted in 1927 that " many women now held partnerships in exchange firms" some are rated as amongst the best brokers in wallstreet - a great many are known to have made fortunes in the stock market - all comission houses have successful women customers some notably sucessful in their market operations
        
        many women had entrered the workplace during ww1 tio fill the jpbs left by men who had left to join the army - although many of these women had lost thesejobs or left them volunteerily after the war end it did help shift the punlics perception of working women slightly
      - social
        
        divorce was made easier and the number of divorces doubled - women were not content to stay at home and put up with bad husbands
        
        women began to use cosmetics in large amounts for the first time , beauty salons opened across the usa as a result, whilst teh cosmetics industry saw its value incerease from $17 million to 200 million by the end of the decade
        
        the incerae in the availability of electricty and mass production saw many women able to afford labour saving devices for the first time. in 1912 only 2.4m electrical goods were sold per year. in 1929 this had risen to 160million sold a year - housework for women much easier as a result
        
        the shepard towner act of 1921 gave federal aid to the states to develop infant and maternity health programmes. 3000 child and maternal health centres were opened as a result - decrease in infant and mother deaths as a result of childbirth
    - - altho 1920s period of libertaion for many young unamrried women, the womejns rev failed to materialise - by 1928 tho some women owmen places in state legislatures only 2 had become governors men dominated politicsIn 1928 only 2 out of the 435 delegates in the House of Representatives (Congress) were women.
      - despite the efforts made by the womens party, women mever voted as a block and a result womens movements remained fragmented during the 1920s
      - similiarly, tho there was an increease in the number of working women, the number of job opportunities were far more limited than that of men eg 1930 only 150 female dentisist and feweer than 100 female accountants in the usa - most women who worked did so in comparatibely low paid and menial jobs - 700k women were domestic servants
      - There were few female industrialists or managing directors.Even when women worked the same jobs as men, they normally received less money. Male workers in manufacturing were earning $34.41 a week on average in 1926; women doing the same job could expect to earn as little as $8.34 (Mississippie, 1926). The situation was even worse for African American women; in Mississippi in 1925 Black, female manufacturing workers could expect to earn only $5.70 a week.
      - finally, tho the concept of the young unmarfried flapper was the enduring image of the era the truth was that women were still expected to concentrate on marriage and homemaking - higher eductaion opportunities were limited for women with the number of women actually achieving a uni degree falling by 5% during the decade
      - Even the prestigious female college, Vassar, still offered courses in ‘Wife, Motherhood and the Family. Many women resisted the ideals that “flappers” seemed to represent; organisations such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Movement campaigned against women taking up smoking. The “progress” experienced by flappers was largely an urban phenomenon; most women living in small towns and rural areas saw little change to their lives during the 1920s.
- - - - the conflict between new and old america was made most evident in the attempts of 1920 to limit immigration - the period 1880 - 1914 had been marked by a flood of immigrabts coming in from eastern and soutehrn europe - over 2.3 million jews from russia amd poland became us citizens as did 2million catholic poles
        between 1880 and 1920 4 million catholic itlaians crosed the atlantic to the "land of the brave and home of the free"
        thsese new arrivals seemed to threaten the old immigfrants who had coem mainly from great britain, germany and scandanavia, all protestant in religion and culture - at various times there had been nativists protests against partic groups, the know nothing party attacked the new wave of Irish immigrants brought by the Irish potato famine of 1846-47 and the flood of Chinese laboureres into California after the civil war produced the Chinese exclusion act of 1882
        grumbles against the new wave varied in intensity according to the state of the economy but in general the expansion of boyiinacy in the us economy in the years before 1917 not only more tolerable but desirable to provide new industries with workers
      - there was growing racisilism even before teh frist world war with a series of books and articles emphasising the inferiority of the new immigrants compared to the old nordic stock - the most famoys of these appeared in 1916, the passing of the great race, by adison grant a wealthy new yorker , grant believed in the new pseude science of eugenics which divided tthe world up into a hierarchy of races with the nordics at the top.
        congress had already set up a comission to study immigration in 1907 nad it recommended literacy tests to limit the entry of inferior races - popular pressure and concern did produce the introduction in 1917 of the literacy tests which required all immigrants to be able to read and write though not necessarily in english. this act was originally vetoed by president wilson vyt congress repassed it with the necessary 2/3 majority to overcome the veto.
        thus even before the usas entry into war there was pressure for restrictions and teh first world war added significantly to the pressure.
        there was much talk of hyphenated americans - this mainly referred to german americans who in fact belonged to the older and acceptable nordic groups but the war stimulated nationalism and americanism which led ti backlash againsy recent immigranst who appeared so obviously different in their habits
        there was a suspicion about their loyalty, president wilson spoke for the nee dof 100% americanism and ex pres roosevely femanded america for amerians - immigrants became assoxiated with the threat of sabotage - the war in fact created an atmosphere of fear and intolerence which contribyted to the anti immigrant lehislation in the early 20s, on the ither hand many thousands of recent immigrants erved in the us firces during the war and absorbed prevailing patriotism
      - in many ways it was the post war red care triggred by the russian rev which was more directly respinsible for the tightening of controls .racial prejudices becamelinked for some americans to the fear that immigrants from southern and eastern urope brought bolshveik ideas that woudl lead rto sprea do dxommunism
      - immigration laws
        
        1917 immigration act
        
        modified the terms of the earlier legislation making the base figure 2% of the 1890 census this significantly reduced the quota to just 150k per year and restricted immigration from southern and eastern europe, halted asian immigration entirely
        
        1921 emergency quota act
        
        This act introduced a literacy test to make sure that people entering the USA had a basic grasp of English.
        
        1924 Johnson reed act
        
        Limited immigration to 3% of the number of each nationality resident in the USA according to the 1910 census. The quota was 357,000 per year.
        
        this obviosuly had the affect of reducing immigration still further to approximately 164,000 each year - signif reduced immigration from eastern adn southern europe, went even furtehr and completely stopped immigration from east asia
        most americans did believe there was a need to limit immigration so there was only some vocal opposition but it was very much in the minority
      - melting pot vs mosaic
        
        ..
        
        he USA prided itself on being a ‘melting pot’. This is where immigrants would lose their ethnic identity and become ‘Americans’.
        
        The traditional view of a ‘melting pot’ with immigrants from different countries forging a new nation is perhaps not very accurate.
        
        America was more like a ‘mosaic’ because immigrants often clung together in localised communities.
- - - - immigrants were increasingky kunked with violent left wung polityics - in the cities there was also a worrying devekooment as some of the labour unions began to ally themselves with raducak griuos and y the end of the 1920 a series of strikes had involved over 4 million workers. partic disturbing was apolicestrike in boston - this led to a feeling that communist agitators were at wirk - there was a growing fear of anaechy and developing paranoia about a widespread plot to subvert the usa
        the first world war had heightened nationalism and suspicison of foreignefrs and the russian rev poiny to international conspuracy for left wing activists determined to iverrgriw caputalism
        16 bombs found in the new tork post office to be delievered to the enemies of the revolution and a further 18 discovered elsewhere
      - in 1919 a bomber blew himself up on the steps of the home of teh attorney general mitchell pamer bomber was an italian arachist member of the radical movement inspired by gelliani an italian american . bombing lead to the establishmeny of the new devision of the department of justice dedicated to investiugating and compiling lists of radicals
    - - tei italian immigrants neither of whom spoke english well. when they were attesyed accised of cattiomh put an armed robery near biston in may 1920 they were foudn to be carrying guns. they also claimed to be anarchists. although there was little concrete evidence against them sacco and vanzetti were found guilty and executed in 1927 after years of lgeal appeals.
        the case shocked many kuveraks un the cities such as the humourist dorothy parker who had vigorously protested the innocence of the two - even thiugh simeone else had confessed to the crime of which they were being found they were still found gulty .. there were widespread protests in cities throughout the ysa at their execution
      - the conduct of the trial in 1921 aroused considerable disquiet which extended outside the united states - the evudence presented at the trial was iften dubious and the conduct if the trial judge webster thater was criticised, he was an experienced jjudge however his conduct of both the trial and the later appeal were open to criticism
      - he is reputed to have said " i want to see anarchists bastards hung"
        judge thayer may have acted ouyt of a genuine commityment to what he felt to be in the public interest but on this occasion iy led ro a lack of strict judicial impartiality
- - - - many people connected new ideas oaryic those associated with city life with vice and immortality - there was widespread dustrust of cinema jazz mussic and uts associated dances in particular the charleston and the blacj bittim, women whi wire short skurts smiked in public and frequented spekaeasies were regarded as shamekess
        there were a series of high profile scandals such as that which destroyed the career of arbuckle a very popular comedy star - arbuckle accused of sexual attack in which his victim diied
        due in part to these scandals the movie industry agreed in 1922 to self censorship through an office of will hays . this ecxamined every movie made in jollywood for i mmoral content and also attempted to promote a healthy clean life amongst movie stars
      - religion and fundamentalism
        
        the concers about effect of new ideas on moraluty led to something of a revival in religious belieg and religious dundamentalism. popular preachers such as billy sunday spole of hellfire and damnation - they were quick to take advantage of both new marketting techniques such as radio advertising and old ones such as mass ralies to win more and more people over to christianity
        church fgures showerd that ho fewer people goint yo wotship the churches were act growing more popular . this was partic the case in the citiees patuic as areaction of god fearing urbanaties against the sinfulness of their neighbourhoods. aimiee semple mcpherson eg was an evangalisy who ran the angelus temple in la - it had a congregation of 5000 and conained a large tank in which she could baptise 150 people at a time.
      - scopes mokey trial
        
        the real controversy over religion focused on the scopes monkey trial of 1925. fundamentyalisys had set up an anti evolution l;eague and six states had made it illegal for evolution yo be taught in schools
        because evolution tauht that man descended from apes this was called the scopes monkey trial
        john scops sub teacher put law to test taught evolution in school and was prosecuted and the ensuring yrial became a maediea veent 0 prosecuting was the old figure of william jennings brian a former presidential candidate while clarence darrow one of americas leadung liberaln lawyers agreed to lead the defence
        during tehj trial darrow ridculed bryan for his fundamentalisys beliefs
        the latter admutted ti bekuevubg that eve was literally created out of adams reub that the whale sewallowed johanah and that the world was created in 4004 bc. while many urbanities found this hilatious. the small town jiry nevertheless found scopes guilty and he was fined 1000,
        the case highlighted the difference of small town beliegs and those of many city dwellers . many thought evolution wads a wicked dicttine and the story of creation in the bible was lit true. whereas many sophisticated urbanties found these beliefs ludicrous.
        
        however ity also led more tolerant christians to insist there wads no conflict necessary between their beliefs and scientfic knowledge and their voice became louder of the yeats and more influential. the trial could almost be seen asthe battle beyween the beliefs of the 19th and the 20th century. in the long term those of the 20th centuty won, although religious fundamentalism is still important in modern day society
- - - - the impact this had on american life cannot be exafferated- it gave people great freedom to travel, whether to visit friuends or to take day trips into the cities - mahy people movied into suburbs because they could now commute to work. it meant that young people could now escape their parents and go to the cinema or clubs on their own. the horse and carriage system was no longer necessary, horses used to clutter up the streets with their foul manure. niw the streets were manure free and people thought this was making their cities cleaner
      - some people thought it was responsible for a moral decline in young people - giving tghem more opportuniuty for sexual freedom out of their homes - many also blamed it for making crimes easier to commit and get away with
    - - americas first of these started broadcasting in 1920, by 1930 over 40% of americna homes had one of these - it gave americans access to new types of music from dance bands to jazz. it also allowerd people to listen to sporting events that they were unable to go and see, as a resukt sporying figures eg babe ruth became national celebreities because of this. before radio mosy americans visit theatres to watch entertainment shows. these tended to be located in larger towns and citiees eg broadway in new york was the centre of the theatre industry, however radio brought entertainment to peoples homes, regardless of where yey libed. no longer did people have to leave their homes to hear high qualituy pro sports and entetainment - it is hard to believe that jazz baseball and popular entertainers wouldve ever recieved national recognition in the usa withouy this. it also helped fuel an advertising voom, contributing to the wider prosperity of the decade
      - this also helped fuel a religious revival of stricy protestants in teh 1920s with pastirs sych as aimiee semple mcpherson using these to send out their messages to millions of people
    - - visitin these became enormously popular, the slow formal versions of pre war america were replaced by fast ones such as the charleston and more rythmoc ones that had a more openly sexual element to them - speakeasies also had a element of thrill to them for serving illegal alcohol
    - - the 1920s have been called the jazz age - this dominated all other music at this time - it arrived with black migration to the northern cites of the usa. it had a tremdous impacty on young people. it fed into dance halls, popular music and stage musicals. throughout the 1920s it seeped into nearly every aspect of american culture. everything from fashion and poetry to teh civil rights movement was touched by iys influence. the style pf clothing changed to make it easier to dance along to. even poetry evolved as a resylt of this with this poetry becoming an emerging genre in the era - these poems featured the same depth of emotions and feel of this music
    - - this industry led the world in popular entertainment - hollywood produced hundreds of films each year . because films were still silent until 1927 this meant american films could be viewed all over the world - comedies were important with silent film stars syuch as charlie chaplin becming global celebrities. in 1927 the first talking picture - the jazz singer was released, making its star ak jolson an overnight internationbal star . with the invention of the talkies other comedians such as laurel and hardy became popular. by 1929 every small town in america had one of these. the industry was dominated by big studios sych as mgm, paramount and warner brothers, hollywood made americans first celebs eg douglad fairbank and mart pickford who despite coming from oiir backgrounds became super rich from their work
      - in 1919 the first feature length fukm the birth of a nagtion caprure dthe nations imaginatuin, telling the stiry of the us civil war it had such an imoact that it helped relaunch the kkk and was even shown in the whitehouse to president wilson - not everyone apprved of hollywood. religious noralistys were concerned that hollywood was undermining the christian ethos of the coyntry - in response to pressure, the film styduis appointed post master will hays to produce code of censorship for industry - adopted in 1930 lasted till 1968
    - - by the 1920s this was becoming americas fav passtime - by the end of the decase mosy major cities had a place for this that could hold tens of thousands of spectators - teams like the new york yankees and the chago white sox were household names - players such as babe ruth became national celebrities.
        in 1920 abe ruth signed for the yankees for 100k helping then wib the several world series throughout the decade
        desoite its image being deamaged due to allegayions of match fixing during the start of the 1920s it recivered qyuckkt - the appoiintment of kenesaw mountain landis as national commissioner helped clean up its image with players and coaches found guilty of corruption banned. he also introduced bans on certain subsyyances he felt enhanced player performance.
        it benefited from the growing prosperity of the 1920s - workers had more money to spend and the consumer boom helped to fuel a demand for spectator sports - newspapers developed portions with extensive coverage of major league baseball - the standarsation of the ball used helped hames become more high scoring whilst the creation of 2 nationalleagues - the national league and the American league - that played simultaneously with the winner of each meeting in the world series to decide the seasons overall winner - proved popular ( so pop that it continues to this day). the nefro baseball league attracted large crowds of black anerucabs and gave the black American players the cjamge to play this professionally
      - despite its popularity, mlb remained segregated , the first black mlb player jackie robinson only played after ww2, in 1920 a negro baseball league was vreayed but it was more poorly financed than its white counterpart
- - - - music
        
        the migration of 850k black americnas to the north helped to increase the popularity of jazz music - white musicians started playing it and by 1929 it was enjoyed by whites and blacks alike
        
        jazz was not universlalu popular - whilsy many in urban areas enjoyed the new music , many country whiyes were still attracted to more traditional music ( like country) the blues remained important for rural blacks as well - the kkk and others saw jazz as responsible for a decline in the us society 0 many leading members if the protestant revival condemned jazz as music of the devik
        
        jazz helped fuel new dance crazes as wekk ub the 1920s the charleston and the turkey trot were new lively dances, they replaced the sedate waltz which had been popular for the early part of the 20th century
      - art
        
        there aksi were important changes in american painting during the 19 twenties - economic growth gave many americans the money to buy aet fir their homes for the first tme 0 sixty new museums ooened - americasn learned ab serious art
        
        another important group of modern artists was ked by the photograpger alfred stieglez - this group held a major art shiw in 1913 un new york , chicago and boston - the show presented modern art from europe, americans git their first chance to se ethe work of painters such as picasso and george burque. this show caused a high public debate in the us. traditional art critics accused the organisors of the show of trying to overthrow christianity and american vakyes - former president thoedore roosevelt and others announec the new art as a threat to the country
        
        the greatest american designer of buildings during the 1920s was frank lloyd wrighr who bleieed that architects should design a building to fit its location not to copy some anient style - he used local materials in new ways - wright invented many imaginative methods to combine useful building designs w natural beaury . but again most americans did not know of wrights worl - instead they turned to local architects w trad beliegs. yjese arc des old, safe style buildings
      - literature
        
        one of the most important novelists of the decasde was f scott fitzgerald who became famous for capturing the spirit of the rebelllious youth flappers, the new rich and those who defined national prohibtion. his most famous work was the great gatsby which was critical of the age of excess that fitzgerald saw the 1920s as
        
        the other great author of the 1920s was ernst hemmingway who wrote ab the lives of americans overseas as well as his own exp of ww1. the contrib of hemmingway fitz ezra pound and ts elliot helped to make america the world leader in popular culture and literature
        
        the 1920s was known as the period of the lost gen - those artusts who survived the first world warm their literature in partic noveks of the 1920s saw a much larger conc of realism reflecting on the act exp of indiv bivekists incl modern issues such as breaking the law during prohibtion or their first hand exp of horrors of war