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Urban environments - Coggle Diagram

- - - - urbanising the suburbs
    - - the re-using of older parts of the city, that no longer serve the purpose that they were designed for, such as old factories and poor housing
    - - the concentration of people and activities at favourable locations
  - - - as towns expand, people move from near the centre outwards
    - - Over time, people move further out into the countryside to escape the hustle and bustle of city life, and often take their business with them
- - - - land values generally decline outwards from the centre. However, relatively high land values are also found along major roads, leading from the centre and around ring roads. Small land-value peaks where radial and ring roads cross each other. Businesses pay extra for sited in these locations because they have good accessibility
    - - similar activities or land uses come together because they have the same locational needs, and they can afford the same level of land values
    - - peak land value intersection is the highest point on the urban land value surface
      - the point in a town or city where land values are highest
    - - as the distance from the PLVI increases, land prices decreases, reflected in building heights.
      - Only a few types of very profitable business would benefit by being at the PLVI can afford to pay high land prices demanded there.
      - Typically large retail shops like department stores have most to gain from a highly central location, and these tend to be the highest bidders for the scarce land right at the PLVI.
      - As accessibility declines one moves away from the PLVI, so does the price that businesses are willing to pay for land.
  - - - the centre of a town or city with large buildings and specialised shops. there are lots of offices and businesses and are very busy. there are lots of transport links and not many houses
      - land is very expensive but easy access achieved through the transport links and work forces can get in and out easily and more shops locate here due to high business
    - - factories and industries and apartment blocks as well as some offices and housing
      - land is cheaper but transport links are still needed to distribute produce. since factories have been shut down, they are refurbished into alternate uses
    - - rows of terraced houses, which are old and small with cars parking on the side of the road. there are a few corner shops, takeaways and parks
      - an area which was quite cheap, so factory workers used to live there for easy access. it also meant it was popular with poorer people as people with more money choose to live away from factory pollution
    - - semi detached houses, with gardens, garages and off street parking. there are corner shops, pubs, restaurants and other small businesses
      - was built in the 1950s when people were looking for bigger houses, as there was more space here and land was cheaper. the streets are also wider as more people had cars when this area was built
    - - detached houses and cost more than houses nearer the city, with more moderns and larger gardens and garages/off street parking, as well as some larger shops
      - houses were built later and cost more meaning the area was better planned or modern day living. some businesses will locate here as land is cheaper and more readily available. there is easy access to facilities in the city as well as the countryside
    - - huge mix of land uses, such as science and business pars. there are motorways and bypasses as well as a lot of green belt areas. there is housing and some space for farming as well
      - land is cheaper, and there is room for expansion as well as being close to transport links, allowing the import and export of goods. people are looking for village atmosphere but want the ease of accessing the city centre and its facilities
- - - - the rural population is significantly less than the urban population
    - - there are fewer people per square/km in rural areas
    - - the majority of jobs in rural areas are in the primary sector, whereas in urban areas, more jobs are n the secondary and quaternary sector
    - - in rural areas, buildings are more spread out and potentially larger than in urban areas
    - - fewer and more spread out in rural areas compared to urban areas
- - - - less educational opportunities
      - weather
      - poor soils, making farming difficult
    - - better opportunities for jobs
      - money
      - family
      - better access to services
  - - - economic development
        
        when a city grows economically driving urbanisation and the growth of secondary and tertiary sectors
      - population growth
        
        economic growth increasing the need for labour supply, met by either natural increase or rural-urban migration
      - economies of scale
        
        when you cram as many people into one megacity rather than smaller cities as the distance between them is smaller, meaning financial savings
      - multiplier effect
        
        once a large city is prospering, it gathers a momentum which will carry it forwards, leading to more prosperity
- - - - unoccupied land so buildings can be a pig as necessary
      - more parking available
      - no liabilities so easier to get loans and tax breaks may be offered to get companies to locate in these areas
      - land is clean and unused without environmental problems
      - ease of access reduces pollution and energy consumption
    - - increases urban sprawl
      - less access to transportation networks as they don't already exist
      - harder access increases pollution and energy consumption
      - leaves derelict of contaminated areas on brownfield land
  - - - access to transportation networks, reducing reliance on cars
      - existing buildings could be reused and split up into more homes
      - reduces urban sprawl
      - improves unsightly areas, hence improving urban environment
      - infrastructure costs reduced as these networks already exist
      - rejuvenates derelict/contaminated urban areas
    - - less land available for parking
      - increased costs as land needs to be cleared prior to building
      - restricted building space
      - more liabilities so hared to get loans