THE COLONIAL CRISIS & THE ENLIGHTENMENT

THE FLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY

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In the 18th century, some experienced an economic and demographic boom while others

they languished and fell. They were in crisis.

A key process was the introduction of the Bourbon reforms, which imposed a

new imperialism in the Spanish colonies and produced a creole growth

discontent that it would have to end, at the beginning of the 19th century, in the independence movements.

THE CHANGE OF DYNASTY

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The 18th century begins with the wars of succession. The king

Carlos II, who had no children, named Felipe

of Anjou as his successor.

The Habsburg dynasty ended

and started on the Spanish throne

the Bourbon dynasty.

Being Felipe V a descendant of the French king, the idea that in the future, Spain and France would be under the same king, this bothered other Europeans

powerful, especially England and Holland, who waged war on the New King.

The contest ended with the victory of Felipe V and the signing of the Treaty of

Utrecht in 1713, by which he was recognized as King of Spain, but he renounced any possible claim to the French Crown. In addition, he had to pay a price: to deliver European Territories to kingdoms of Austria,

Savoy and England and

to grant the latter the allowed vessel and the black seats.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

THE BOURBON REFORMS IN AMERICA

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The new Spanish ruler found himself with huge war debts,

which led to more taxes, fees and obligations with Hispanic society.

Felipe V undertook "the reconquest of his colonies", an ambitious project that

was promoted with his son Carlos III and had strong impacts on

the colonial system in crisis.

➢ Politically, they sought to reinforce real power and limit the autonomy of the

group locations; territorial reorganization.

➢ Economically, the Bourbons ordered that the colonies not negotiate between

they.

➢The state monopoly of commerce was spreading

more and more products: tobacco, brandy, gunpowder, salt, mercury and

cards.

➢ The alcabalas were the tax on the movement of goods and were charged

until in the last lost town of the Andes the Indians who came out selling their

vegetables in the markets.

The indigenous uprisings multiplied, especially in the second half of the 18th century.

The expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767 brought to America an important consequence:

The Crown crowned the lands of the Society of Jesus. So he got

more income.

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In Europe, things were changing. First in ideas: After the wars of religion that ravaged the continent in the past

century and a half, a new consciousness arose: it mattered only a

the man was good and honest, no

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And second, if there are differences of opinion, matter what religion or opinions

it would not be better to argue with them based on reason and

do not go to blows or to war? These

two elements, tolerance step to a third consensus: if all

Human beings are rational, they are equal, and if they are equal, they should be treated equally.

A group of French thinkers embarked on a gigantic undertaking: summarize

all human knowledge in an encyclopedia.

Thinkers like Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot defended these ideas in

the Encyclopedia and other books.

These ideas were added to the

hunger of the people, they

they made the revolution

broke out in 1789 French,

who dethroned and

executed King Louis XVI

and his wife Maria

Antoinette. This I sow

fear in all the royal houses of Europe. The kings, like him, reinforced despotism and abandoned any openness based on

about lighting.

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FRANCE OCCUPIES SPAIN

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Napoleon did not give up. To break the British economy and prevent trade with Europe, he decreed the "continental blockade". And Portugal refused to follow him in this action, Napoleon decided

submit by force, coercing Spain to invade Portugal.

The French army crossed the peninsula and entered Lisbon without resistance. The day before, the Prince Regent, John VI, along with 15,000

town, he had fled by sea to Brazil, where he would make court for fifteen years.

While the Spanish armies were in Portugal, the French armies, with 65,000

Indeed, they completely controlled Spain for several years. Spanish people

rebelled against King Charles IV in 1808, who abdicated and left as sovereign

your son.