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Health & Safety in the Extractive Industries - Coggle Diagram
Health & Safety in the Extractive Industries
Risk Management
WRAC
- Workplace Risk Assessment & Control
JSA
- Job Safety Analysis
FMEA
- Failure Modes, Effects & Criticality Analysis
HAZOP
- Process deviations analysis
SLAM
Fault / Logic Tree Analysis
Bowtie Analysis
Critical Controls
The following questions can help to determine if a control is critical:
• Is the control crucial to preventing the event or minimizing the consequences of the event?
• Is it the only control, or is it backed up by another control in the event the first fails?
• Would its absence or failure significantly increase the risk despite the existence of the other controls?
• Does it address multiple causes or of mitigate multiple consequences the MUE? (In other words, if it appears in a number of places on the bowtie or on a number of bowties, this may indicate that it is critical.)
Accident Causation
All Accidents & Incidents are caused;
Traditionally the promotion of safety has been largely reactive with a focus on avoidance of repeat events;
Great emphasis identification of single cause – an unsafe act or unsafe condition (Domino Theory);
In most accidents there are a number of different causes all acting together at that particular time, under those particular circumstances;
All losses are due to decisions and all descisions involve risk;
Post 1980’s – Realisation of failures in the management
and organisation of safety;
Swiss Cheese & Organisational Accident Models
Human Errors
Latent Failures
Those aspects of the organisation which can immediately
predispose active failures.
Common examples of latent failures include:
Poor design of plant and equipment;
Ineffective training;
Inadequate supervision;
Ineffective communications; and
Uncertainties in roles and responsibilities.
Latent failures are important to accident
prevention because if they are not resolved, the probability of repeat accidents remains high regardless of what other action is taken. As one latent failure often influences several potential errors, removing latent failures can be a very cost-effective route to accident prevention.
Active Failures
Have an immediate consequence.
Are usually made by front-line people such as drivers, control room and machine operators.
Immediately precede, and are the direct cause, of the accident.
Safety Management Systems
Safety Programmes – focus on compliance and reactive indicators;
An SMS is the means by which an organisation controls
risk through the management process;
In reviews of accidents, a common thread throughout is the inadequacy of management systems that might have prevented the accident from occurring.
Evaluation of SMS – HSG(65), OHSAS18001, ISO45001
Organisations need to manage health and safety with the same degree of expertise and to the same standards as other core business activities, if they are effectively controlling risks and preventing harm to people.
Safety Management Systems put in place foundations to minimise the influence of latent failures.
Accident Investigation
Important part of any safety management system
Highlights the reasons why accidents occur and how to prevent them.
The primary purpose of accident investigations is to improve health and safety performance by:
Exploring the reasons for the event and identifying both the immediate and underlying causes;
Identifying remedies to improve the health and safety management system by improving risk control, preventing a recurrence and reducing financial losses
The Accident Investigation Process;
ICAM & Root Cause Analysis
"Turning around” of the theory covered in the “Accident Causation” sub-topic;
Safety Culture & Maturity
Safety Culture is the series of actions people take when no one is looking;
Creating a safety culture takes time and is a function, is genuine and visible leadership and a strong safety management system;
Safety Maturity Models allow organisations to understand their own level of safety maturity by asessing the level of compliance with various key elements of safety culture.
Brady Curve, Shell Hearts & Mind, UK Coal
They also assist in identifying what organisation’s need to focus on to reach the next level of maturity.