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Southest Asian Biodiversity lost - Coggle Diagram
Southest Asian Biodiversity lost
Fire
:
Fires are largely in forest or savannah (about 80%), in insular SE Asia over 60% of fires occur in forests.
impact of these fires varies considerably across the region, but they are increasingly moving into
natural systems;, especially in the peat-swamp forests of Southern SE Asia
Causes
natural fluctuations in the ENSO cycle
human initiated
unmanaged fire events
drainage
peat-swamps
former peat-swamp forest to tree-plantations
canals
to support tree-plantations activity
removing areas of forest
poor survival
slow regeneration
Prevention
Stricter fire controls especially drought times
forest diversity may recover in
time
protected areas/forests
Consequences
change the
structure, diversity, soil, and hydrology of natural systems
high rates of tree mortality
show impaired regenerative
potential even after prolonged time periods
high incidence of the growth of lowdiversity
fire-adapted pioneer and alien species
Ecosystem function is impaired significantly
low levels of
recruitment and growth
domination of non-woody plant species
reduce the litter seed-bank
reduce soil-seed bank
reduce soil
microorganism diversity and soil bacterial composition
flooding probability and
regime are also altered
high mortality of animals
low dispersal capability of many
species in a fragmented landscape
low diversity
low dispersal capability
low chance recolonization
due fragmentation forests
due to the probable loss of seed dispersers
and pollinators
Mining
Mining limestones for cement production
Mining underground minerals
3 top places
Vietnam
India
Malaysia
Effects
Indicative of huge number of endemic species
Ground water pollution
Heavy metal accumulation affects food chain
serious deforestation (Indonesia)
Prevention
Restoration
Ensure only minimal disruption
Reservoir Construction
What may happen and its effect
causes loss and transformation altering system , leading to reduction of fish-stock
Increase landslides along the river course
Increase seismicity, impacting the biodiversity(Li et al. 2013)
Aquatic impact of dams
-disrupts freshwater community(Dudgeon et al. 2006, 2011)
-decrease fish freshwater biomass by 20%
-cause water to be anoxic(Brown et al. 2014)
Terrestrial impact of dams
easily being forget yet highly significant
-loss of habitat due to relocating settlements(Economist, 26July 2012, Xu et al. 2013)
-risk being flooded
-in China now is having a reginal drought and river depletion(China US focus 2016)
Hunting and trade
international trade in endangered species
For bushmeat like Laotian rock rats and Biswamoyopterus(Jenkins et al.2004, Sanamxay et al.2013)
for food, medicines and ornamentation
For wildlife pets trade(Bush et al. 2014)
Effects
Forest increasingly considered empty due to high hunting pressure(Harrison 2011)
Wild meat sales higher than domestically sourced meat (Drury 2011)
Extinction occurs
Prevention
1.Advancing tools that able to monitor wildlife tracking across border
2.Use dogs to detect illegal exports(Reed et al. 2011, TRAFFIC 2013)
3.Use script to breakdown and analyze patterns of illegal trafficking.(Hancock and Laycock 2010, Moreto and Clarke 2013, Kretser et al.2014, Larvorgna 2014)
Changing humans' behaviours
-Give education regarding sustainable practice to people
-spread awareness to build more conservation ambassador
Wetland Drainage
Up to 87% of Wetlands that existed in 1700 has lost, and this considerable of this portion has been in Asian region.
80% of SE Asian wetlands are under threat, and up to 45% of inter-tidal wetlands in parts of the region
SE Asia has a 56% ofglobal tropical peatland, but 45% of the original area has been converted to oil-palm.
Effect
Migratory waterbirds
Southeast Asia contains the world's greatest proportion of migratory birds, with 11 percent of landbirds (52/477) and 23 percent of waterbirds (46/201) classified as endangered. In just 24 years, 62 percent of SE Asian waterbird populations have decreased, while wader numbers have decreased by 79 percent
Invasive alien species
The majority of aliens have entered the region either as ornamental or agricultural crops or weeds
results
clogging of waterways
various alien fishes
that have out-competed native species
transformed aquatic ecosystems
alter regime and functioning
of aquatic systems
further diminish already low diversity within
tree-plantation regions
declines in biodiversity
outcompeting native pioneer species
due
to their ability to fix nitrogen
risk of disease
Factors that affect invasive species
factors that naturally reduce the establishments
low light intensity
thick leaf litter
reduced competition and extirpation of many former
species
naturalization of
invasive plant
changing important
ecosystem processes (regerenation)
prevention
“flower strips” being implemented
to stabilize land and provide pollination
services
to facilitate the spread of invasive species into neighboring natural systems
require monitoring and
regulation
Pollution
SE Asia is known for air-pollution resulting from industrialization and forest fires
Analysis of various forms of atmospheric pollution in SE Asian agricultural areas reveals a high risk for many current crop types, and therefore, native plant species
Aquatic system more vulnerable to pollution affects than terrestrial waterbodies
Effects
Increased levels of organic compounds in riverine systems from industry and agriculture have been associated with increased prevalence of algal blooms.
Loss of almost all aquatic vertebrates
Drive a shift from sensitive and specialist species to more generalist and common species.
Pollution and agricultural organic run-off is likely to lead to significant declines in the diversity of flora and fauna in rivers and streams in the South East Asian region. More attention is needed to regulate industries to limit pollution from agriculture, industry, and untreated sewage into waterways.
Air, water and soil pollution in SE Asia poses a high risk to many current crop types, and therefore native vegetation may be similarly at risk
Disease
common virus
ranavirus
associated with
higher rates of mortality
Caudata virus
Chytrid virus
consequences
high mortality in wild populations
Adaptations
reduce the impact of the virus
wild Asian amphibian
at threat
farmed animals
wild Asian amphibian
giant salamander
water they kept and transported
freshwater fishes
Preventions
strict control
stringent regulations
to prevent
the possibility of future emergent diseases
Deforestation
Driver
Neotropics reflecting pressure for ranching
Africa for Swidden
Asia for tree plantation
Fruit, rubber and oil-palm exporter
Effect
Erosion
Landslides
Loss and degradation of important forest habitats
Loss of species (Sodhi et al. 2004, 2012, Brook et al 2003, Koh et al. 2009)
Regional endemics, forest-dependent species and large ranging speices are at high risk of regional extinction (Turner et al. 1994)
Selective logging
"minimal impact logging"
Effects
Changes the species community composition, trophic organization and food web complexity
Less trees are cut
May require more land
with time, more land will be harvested overall.
Causes more loss in species abundance and diversity compared to patch cleared areas
Decrease in the volume of timber extration
Decrease in carbon stock retention
Decrease in the rate of litter decomposition
Urbanization
Increases pollution, surface run-off and provides stable populations of potentially invasive species.
Often occur at biodiversity hotspot areas
Drives direst loss in biodiversity of the particular area.
Prognosis
Ability of forest to retain biodiversity remains progressively diminished
Low nutrient soil even after 2 decades of logging
Tree plantations may have significant negative impacts; planted trees are unable to sustain forest-dependent species.
Unsustainable practices, leading to continued levels of deforestation and degradation across the region
Climate change
effects (greenhouse effects)
species that are able to survive the effects of habitat loss and degradation
CO2 fertilization in some native ecosystems.
Some ecosystems such as karsts may be vulnerable to climatic change and desertification
the species assemblage able to survive on the karst, and the proportion of tree species with different degrees of drought tolerance will be altered
Climatic change is also likely to alter fire regimes, especially if biomes have become dryer