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Tectonic/Geological Hazards - Coggle Diagram
Tectonic/Geological Hazards
Effects (e.g of an earthquake)
Primary
Infrastructure destroyed by shocks and weakening of buildings
People injured and/or killed
Supplies and stores damaged (water unable to be sent to homes)
Sewage/water contamination
Liquefaction
Secondary
Schools close
Insurance claims made (generally HICs)
Criminals escape / crime rates increase from looting
Economy damage
Disease spreads
Sanitation decreases
Responses (e.g for an earthquake)
Short-term
Emergency aid
Temporary shelter
Sanitation
Donations
dead bodies recovered and mourned
People evacuated if area is at danger
Governmental aid
Long-term
Infrastructure rebuilt (homes and roads)
insurance claims paid (generally HICs)
Improve forecasting methods (e.g survalience) to better predict future disasters
Improve exsisting infrastructure to withstand disasters
Boost the economy
Management Strategies (e.g of an earthquake)
Monitoring
Siesometers/graphs
laser monitoring
Prediction
Cannot reliably be predicticted
Protection
Earthquake proof buildings (with cross braces or movable foundations)- HICs
Shut-off switches for gas and water to minimise damage
Reasons for living near tectonic hazards
Fertile soil (volcanic ash)
Tourism (people can visit volcanoes/fissures
Unable to move due to financial situation
Plate boundaries and fault lines
Conservative
Two plates of equal mass moving alongside each other, this causes large amount of friction to occur between the plates, causing tension; and since the plates' surface are uneven then the plates can become interlocked with each other, eventually become dislodged and releasing masses of energy as an earthquake
Earthquakes will only occur
Destructive
Two plates of differing mass (Oceanic [more dense and thinner] / Continental [less dense and thicker]) moving towards each other. The oceanic plate gets subducted beneath the continental plate causing the plate to become molten and add to the magma in the mantle; the extra magma causes displaced magma to rise up through the crust and erupts onto the surface as a volcanic eruption.
Volcanic eruptions occur as well as violent earthquakes
Constructive
Two plates moving away from each other causes Magma to rise and thus cool when it reaches the surface, this forms a shield volcano which slowly "grows" in size overtime
Volcanic eruptions, fissures occur, with earthquakes less likely
Earthquakes
Occur from a build up of tension within the earth's crust (tectonic plates), the released energy is an earthquake where the point at which it stated is called the "focus".
Generally occur when plates move along fault lines
Measured using the MMS (moment magnitude scale) which is logarithmic meaning that for every 1 increase on the scale the earthquake is 10 times bigger - similar to the richter scale.
Volcanoes
Occur from an excess of magma within the mantle (generally caused from subduction), which needs to be expelled onto the surface through an opening (volcano).
Form from cooled magma either erupting onto the surface (Destructive / Constructive) or "Hotspots in the earth crust where it is thin enough for the heat of the mantle to melt crust and therefore erupt onto the surface (Hawaii)
Case Studies
HIC (Christchurch)
LIC (Haiti)
