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Immunity, Lymphocytes: B, T, NK, Physiology, Pathology, ABCD - Coggle…

- - - - Leukocytosis
        
        Excess of leukocytes
        
        Normal: 5-10 x 10^9
      - Leukocytopenia
        
        Insufficiency in leukocytes
      - Neutropenia
        
        Pathophysiology
        
        Insufficiency in neutrophils
        
        Presence of band neutrophils
        
        Indicates infection is severe and prolonged
        
        Immature neutrophils
        
        Insufficient immune response
        
        Lower grade fever
        
        Septicemia/Sepsis
        
        Untreated infection = Bacteria enters blood and causes widespread inflammation
        
        Causes
        
        Illness
        
        Drugs
        
        Infections
        
        Result
        
        Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) Normal: 2.5-7.5 x 10^9
        
        Band Neutrophil Normal: 0-1 x 10^9
        
        Treatment
        
        Colony-stimulating factor
        
        Filgrastim (Neupogen)
        
        Stimulates proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils
        
        Avoid fresh fruits / flowers
        
        May contain bacteria from soil
    - - By medication
  - - - Type I
        
        A - Allergic/Anaphylaxis
        
        IgE
        
        Release of histamine
        
        Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction
        
        Anaphylaxis - Severe allergic reaction
      - Type II
        
        B - Antibodies work against the body
        
        Auto-immune disorders
        
        IgM/IgG + Self-antigen
        
        B and T lymphocytes destroy host/body cells
        
        Hemolytic blood transfusion reaction
        
        Results in:
        
        Febrile Reaction
        
        Fever, chills, anxiety
        
        Mild Allergic reaction
        
        Facial flushing, hives
        
        Anaphylactic reaction
        
        Tachycardia, low BP, High RR
        
        Angioedema and hoarseness
        
        Need for Normal Saline as back-up, check VS q15 mins
        
        Antigens are cell bound
        
        Cytotoxic
      - Type III
        
        C - Complex of Antibody and antigen
        
        Cross-linking forms macromolecules
        
        Localized thrombosis
        
        Localized immune response
        
        Excessive complementary activation in localized area
      - Type IV
        
        D - Delayed hypersensitivity
        
        Tissue destruction by sensitized T-lymphocytes ONLY
        
        Release of cytokines and macrophages
        
        No antibody involved
    - - In Order
        
        1) Adrenergic Agonist
        
        Epinephrine
        
        Sympathomimetic
        
        β1 receptors
        
        Heart
        
        β2 receptors
        
        Lungs
        
        α receptors
        
        Arteries
        
        2) Anti-histamines
        
        Diphenhydramine
        
        Histamine antagonist competitive
        
        Blood vessel, GI, respiratory
        
        3) Corticosteroid
        
        Prednisone
        
        Increases capillary permeability and lysosomal stabilization = Decreases inflammation
  - - - Bacterial
        
        Inactivated exotoxins, killed bacteria, live attenuated bacteria
      - Viral
        
        Killed virus, live attenuated virus, recombinant (cultured)
      - Live = Increased protection and risk
      - Precautions
        
        Immunocompromised, pregnancy, allergy
- - - - First line of defense
      - Non-antigen specific
      - Fever, cough, skin
    - - Neutrophils and macrophages
        
        Phagocytic
      - NK cells
        
        Lymphocyte
  - - - Antigen specific
    - - Active
        
        Types
        
        Cell-Mediated
        
        Who
        
        T-lymphocyte
        
        From thymus (mainly), bone marrow
        
        Types
        
        2 more items...
        
        Humoral
        
        What
        
        "Antibody mediated response"
        
        Who
        
        B-lymphocyte
        
        From bone marrow
        
        Produces immunoglobulins (antibodies)
        
        4 more items...
        
        What
        
        Develop own antibodies via
        
        Exposure to pathogen
        
        Vaccination
        
        Long-lasting
        
        Develop memory cells
      - Passive
        
        What
        
        Antibodies transferred to host
        
        Ie. Mother to fetus / Injection of synthetically produced immunoglobulins
        
        Immediate
        
        Short-lasting
        
        No memory cells
- - - - Immunity