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Italian and German unification
Germany and Italy had been divided into numerous small states
these divisions were confirmed by the Congress of Vienna
in the 19th century, nationalist movements succeeded in unifying these countries
ITALIAN UNIFICATION (1859–1870)
Various factors caused a growth in nationalism
The Congress of Vienna left the Italian Peninsula divided into seven states which some of them were under Austrian control
Nationalist and liberal successes in other countries encouraged Italian nationalists
The failure of the Revolutions of 1848 also encouraged nationalism
The King of Piedmont-Sardinia, Charles Albert, wanted to unite Italy
He declared war on Austria but was defeated
Important figures supported Italian unification
Napoleon III
King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia and his prime minister, Cavour.
The unification process was initiated by Piedmont-Sardinia
Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour tried to extend their kingdom's constitutional system to other parts of Italy
the Piedmontese expelled the Austrians from Lombardy with the help of Napoleon III (1859)
After this Piedmont annexed Parma, Modena and Tuscany
In the south
italian nationalists led by Garibaldi conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1860)
the Piedmontese and Garibaldi took control of Venetia after Austria had been defeated by Prussia (1866)
Rome was occupied and annexed (1870)
Italy became a parliamentary monarchy
Victor Emmanuel II as its king
Rome became the capital
GERMAN UNIFICATION (1866–1871)
Because of this factors
During the Revolution of 1848
the Frankfurt Parliament tried to create a unified state with universal manhood suffrage
Austria and Prussia were strongly opposed to democratic principles, so the attempt failed
In 1834, a customs union (the Zollverein) had been established. This economic union encouraged support for a political union
Like in Italy, liberal and nationalist ideas were popular in Germany. There was a desire to build a solid political union
After the Congress of Vienna, the German Confederation was divided into 39 states, united by the federal Diet which was dominated by Austria
First phase of unification
Otto von Bismarck
He had been named Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia in 1862
started the process of unification
He expelled the Austrians from the German Confederation after the Battle of Sadowa (1866) and achieved the unification of the northern states
In Prussia
nationalism was strong
it had a large army and a developed economy
Second ohase of unification
Bismarck defeated Napoleon III of France who wanted to limit Prussian expansion
Prussia annexed Alsace-Lorraine from France
After this victory the German princes decided to unite with Prussia
Germany became the Second Reich
In 1871
the unification process ended
Berlin became the capital
Wilhelm I became emperor
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION
Both unifications affected European international relations
The German Empire became Europe's dominant power
The Austro-Hungarian Empire lost power and influence in both Italy and Germany
France's defeat by Prussia led to the collapse of Napoleon III's Second Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic
the Russian Empire decided to expand towards the Balkans in order to gain access to the Mediterranean Sea
