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AGRICULTURE, HERBICIDES, CHLOROPICRIN, NEONICOTINOID, FERTILIZER, SOLVENT …
AGRICULTURE
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INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS AGRICULTURE
- The industry engaged in the production of plants and animals for food, feed and fiber
- The provision of agricultural supplies and services
- Processing, marketing and distribution of agricultural product
APPLICATION
- It provides humanity with food, fibers, fuel, and raw materials that are paramount for human livelihood.
HERBICIDES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Water solubility
- Water-soluble herbicides generally have low adsorption capacities, and are consequently more mobile in the environment and more available for microbial metabolism and other degradation processes
Adsorptive potential
- Adsorption is the attraction of ions or molecules to the surface of a solid is shown as a Koc value
Half-life
- The average length of time (days, weeks, months) it takes an herbicide to reach one-half of the originally applied dose is an herbicide half-life
Photodecomposition
- Degradation of an herbicide by sunlight
Vapor pressure (volatility)
- A process whereby an herbicide changes from a liquid or solid to a gas
HEALTH IMPACT
1) TO THE EXPOSE WORKER
- Short-term exposure to glyphosate isn’t something you need to worry about much
- Eyes, nose, skin may get irritated
- Long-term - Glyphosate may be linked to cancer
- Liver and kidney damage
2) EXPOSURE PATHWAY & TARGET ORGAN
- Can occur by the clearance of inhaled aerosol particles, ingestion of contaminated food OR drink, transfer of contaminants from hand OR object into the mouth or to the perioral region and then into the mouth
- Ingestion has also been identified as a potential herbicide exposure route
- Contact it with skin or eyes (dermal exposure)
3) EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
- The amount of substance to which a subject is exposed is as important as its toxicity
- Herbicide's applicators face the greatest risk, particularly during mixing and loading
- The public can be affected by direct contact through spray drift, accidental spills, indirect contact through consumption of contaminated food or water
4) CONTROL MEASURE
- Keep the label intact and make sure it is readable
- Thoroughly clean all spills and isolate the spill area
- Check containers for leaks or defects and tightly seal and store in original containers
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
- WATER - Herbicides can contaminate groundwater and surface water
- SOIL - Herbicides can influence soil pH and soil microbial activity
MITIGATION
- Required specific personal protective equipment (PPE)
- Reduce the application rate
- Require specific precautionary statements on the label
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTION
- Herbicides kill or suppress plants by interfering with essential plant processes such as photosynthesis
- Used to kill unwanted plants
- Selective herbicides kill certain targets while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed
- Act by interfering with the growth of the weed and are often based on plant hormones
CHLOROPICRIN
HEALTH IMPACT
EXPOSURE PATHWAY & TARGET ORGAN
- Irritation of the eyes, upper and lower airways, and skin occur rapidly following exposure to chloropicrin
- PS is irritating to the respiratory system, mucous membrane, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and eyes
CONTROL MEASURE
- Do not touch or walk through the spilled agent if possible
- Do not direct water at the spill or the source of the leak
- Wear PPE
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
- Gastrointestinal symptoms following ingestion of chloropicrin may persist for weeks
- Adverse neurological and musculoskeletal effects may persist from weeks to months
TO EXPOSE WORKER
- It is severely irritating to the lungs, eyes, and skin
- Intense painful irritation, tear production (lacrimation), and eye damage
- Burns in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
- Cause elevated temperature of water in summer
- Increased levels of total organic carbon
MITIGATION
- Keep combustibles away from the spilled agent
- Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements, or confined areas
- Isolate the area until gas has dispersed
- Ventilate the area
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1) Has low solubility in water, but it is readily soluble in most solvents such as acetone and chloroform
2) At high temperatures, PS decomposes to phosgene, nitrogen dioxide, and other irritants
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS CHLOROPICRIN?
- Chloropicrin (PS) is used in agriculture as a soil fumigant
- Chloropicrin is used as a reagent in the synthesis of organic chemicals
- Chloropicrin has long been used as an agricultural soil fumigant because it is effective against a broad spectrum of fungi, nematodes, and insects
NEONICOTINOID
HEALTH IMPACT
TO THE EXPOSE WORKER
- Although neonicotinoids appear to be less toxic compared to other insecticides, sometimes severe complications like respiratory failure, ventricular fibrillation, and death have been reported.
Autism spectrum-disorder
- Fingers tremors
- Memory loss
EXPOSURE PATHWAY & TARGET ORGAN
- Mainly via inhalation and dermal contact
- Malformations of the developing heart and brain
CONTROL MEASURE
- Replaced to pyrethroid - indirectly reduce crop yield by poisoning insect predators that usually kill slugs, which are important crop pests
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
- Studies have shown that neonicotinoid exposure at levels well below that causing mortality can affect bees' ability to return to the colony
- Reduce burrowing ability of earthworms
- Cause paralysis and impaired walking in beetles
MITIGATION
1) Follow the label directions carefully
2) Restrict Neonicotinoid applications to the soil, or during times when bees are not foraging
3) Treat only those individual plants which need treatment for a known pest infestation
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS NEONICOTIOID?
- Neonicotinoids are a new class of insecticides chemically related to nicotine
- They are much more toxic to invertebrates, like insects, than they are to mammals, birds and other higher organisms.
- Neonicotinoid insecticides popular in pest control is their water solubility, which allows them to be applied to soil and be taken up by plants
FERTILIZER
HEALTH IMPACT
CONTROL MEASURE
- Applying bio-fertilizers and manures can reduce chemical fertilizer and pesticide use
- Biological methods of pest control can also reduce the use of pesticides and thereby minimize soil pollution.
EXPOSURE PATHWAY & TARGET ORGAN
- Inhalation & Dermal - The dust of chemical fertilizers pollute air during application in the field and
- Ingestion - Drinking of this polluted water.
TO THE EXPOSE WORKER
- High levels of nitrates and nitrites in chemical fertilizer may cause some disease like hemoglobin disorders, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus.
- Chemical fertilizers can cause problems with the heavy metals that can be found in it.
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
- Negative impact on the kidneys, liver, and lungs
- Creates problem while taking breath, skin, and eye irritation
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
- If the supply of these fertilizers exceeds the capacity of the soil it may contaminate the ground water
- Polluted drinking water, increased air pollution, acidification of the soil and mineral depletion of the soil
- Mass death of fish and other aerobic organisms living in water
MITIGATION
- Applying fertilizers in the proper amount
- Keeping animals and their waste out of streams
- Keeps nitrogen and phosphorus out of the water and protects stream banks
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTION
- Fertilizers are chemical substances supplied to the crops to increase their productivity
- It contain the essential nutrients required by the plants, including nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus.
- Providing crops with the nutrients they need to grow and be harvested for nutritious food
SOLVENT
HEALTH IMPACT
TO EXPOSE WORKER
- Many of them have a narcotic effect, causing fatigue, dizziness, and intoxication
- High doses may lead to unconsciousness and death
- Exposure to large doses of solvents may slow down reaction- time and affect rational judgement
- Solvents irritate the eyes and the respiratory tract
EXPOSURE PATHWAY & TARGET ORGAN
- Solvents may damage the liver, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, bone marrow and the nervous system
- Can occur via contact of the liquid with the skin or eyes, or via inhalation of vapor or mist
CONTROL MEASURE
- Clearly identify and labels the containers
- Wear protective clothing
- Use respiratory protective
- Establish procedures and evacuation routes in case of a fire or a solvent spill
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
- Solvent contact with skin can lead to absorption through the skin, which could lead to systemic toxicity, or a local response at the site of contact
- Inhalation of solvent vapor can cause respiratory tract irritation
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS SOLVENT?
- Solvents are essential to pesticides that help farmers to feed hungry planet
- Solvents ensure that these substance dry at just the right time and are efficiently directed at the target crops
FUNCTION
- Solvents are used to extract the essentials oils and flavors from nuts, seeds and other raw materials
- Often used in the liquid formulations of those flavorings and essences
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT
- Organic solvents react in the atmosphere in sunlight, producing an air pollutant known as "ground-level ozone."
- High concentrations of ground-level ozone seriously affect human, animal and plant health
- Also harm building materials, forests and crops
MITIGATION
- Store solvents in strong, sealed containers
- Clearly identify and label containers
- Establish procedures and evacuation routes in case of fire or a solvent spill
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution
- Solvent is usually a liquid but can also be a solid, a gas, or a supercritical fluid
- The quantity of solute that can dissolve in a specific volume of solvent varies with temperature