The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body.

Endocrine system is slower than nervous system because it takes time for a specific hormone to reach its target tissue via bloodstream

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), influences skin pigmentation in some vertebrates and fat metabolism in mammals

Growth hormone has tropic and nontropic actions.It is made up of 200 amino acids. It promotes growth directly and has diverde metabolic effects.

Prolactin; stimulates lacation, growth of mammary glands and production of milk. It also plays a role in carbohydrates and fat metabolism

FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen hormone production during menstrual cycle in females

TSH controls secretion of hormones fromthyroid gland. Excess TSH stimulate thyroid glands more, and more hormone produced in thyroid glands which eventually cause increase in thyroid gland cells and thyroid glan enlargement

ACTH controls secretion os steroid hormones from cortex region of adrenal glands

LH stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation. LH controls production of estrogen and progesterone hormones from corpus luteum in females

Oxytocin includes uterine contractions and the release of milk.

Suckling sends a message to the hypothalamus via the nervous system to release oxytocin, which further stimulates the milk glands

Secretion of ADH is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism

Thyroxine hormone stimulate metabolism and influence development and maturation.

Increase aerobic respiration, therefore oxygen consumption and energy production

Increase protein synthesis during growth and development

Increase blood pressure and heart beat rate and metabolic rate

Characterized by impairment of mental and physical growth

High body temperature, weight loss, irrtability and high blood pressure

Characterized by weight loss, irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems.

It stimulates Ca²⁺ desposition in bones and decreases reasorbtion Ca²⁺ in kidneys and increases excretion of Ca²⁺ by urine

Works antagonistacally with parathyroid hormone to balance calcium (Ca²⁺) in the blood of mammals

Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood, largely by increasing the levels when they are too low.

It does this through its actions on the kidneys, bones and intestine

Low Ca²⁺ level increase excitability of nerve without rest and results in continuous muscle contraction

If larynx muscles affected by this condition, results in death

Bones become weak and brittle (easily broken). Precipitation of Ca²⁺ with PO³⁻ in kidneys cause kidney stone

The Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

These hormones are members of a class of compounds called catecholamines

They are secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system

Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory and reproductive system activity

The Adrenal cortex releases a family of steroids called corticosteroids in response to stress

These hormones are triggered by a hormone cascade pathway via the hypothalamus and anterior pituarity

ACTH released from anterior pituarity control the adrenal cortex hormones secretion

It stimulates the production of glucose from fats and aminoacids

Cortisol, influence glucose metabolism and the immune system

It suppresses the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling at the site of the injury

Cortisone, whish is much like cortisol, sometimes is used to treat arthrities

Acts on the tubules of the kidney to stimulate reabsortion of sodium and water into the blood and excrete potassium

Low levels of aldosterone results in Addison disease characterized by low blood pressure, bronzing of skin and open to infections

The Adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of steroid sex hormones; estrogen, progesteron and testosteron. Women may have masculinization from oversecretion of adrenal male sex hormone

Stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics; large vocal cords, pubic hair, etc.

Largely responsible for the sex drive and probably aggressivness

Stimulates development and maintenance of the male reproductive system

Secreted at puberty stimulate maturation of ovaries and other sexual organs

Necessary for oocyt (egg) development

Estrogen is released from follicle and responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system

Responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics; a layer of beneath skin, larger pelvic girdle, etc

It is a mixed type of gland that shows both endocrine and exocrine functions. It is located between stomach an duodenum

Acinar Cells secrete and release pancreatic juice into the virsung duct that ends with duodenuö. %98 of pancreas is made of Acinar cells that function as exocrine glands

Islets of Langerhans have two kinds of cells. Alpha cells secrete glucagon and Beta cells secrete insulin. Both hormones are given to the blood directly. Therefore, they function as endocrine glands

Increase the permeablility of cells to take glucose except brain cells

Stimulate conversion of glucose to glycogen as storage form in liver and muscles

Increase the glucose metabolism in cells (conservation of glucose to glycogen or lipids)

Works antagonistacally with glucagon to adjust blood glucose level

Stimulates passage of glucose from cells (especially liver cells) into blood

Functions in conservation of glycogen to glucose into liver

Works antagonistacally with insulin to adjust blood glucose level

Thymus is the primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. It secretes thymic hormone.

It is needed for development of T-lymphocytes.Thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods.

By the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose (fat)

The pineal gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin, primarily at night. Light /dark cycles control release of melatonin. Primary functions of melatonin appear to relate to biological rhythms associated with reproduction

Melatonin may cause seasonal affective disorder where persons are depressed at onset of winter

It is a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness. It increases sexual desire.The activity of serotonergic neurons is slowest or absent during sleep and highest during states of alert wakefulness

Serotonin may also be important in the neural pathways controlling mood