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ENDROCRINE SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Functions
        
        Oxytocin includes uterine contractions and the release of milk.
      - How it works
        
        Suckling sends a message to the hypothalamus via the nervous system to release oxytocin, which further stimulates the milk glands
    - - Functions
        
        Balance osmotic pressure of blood
        
        Secretion of ADH is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism
  - - - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
        
        Functions
        
        FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen hormone production during menstrual cycle in females
      - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
        
        Functions
        
        TSH controls secretion of hormones fromthyroid gland. Excess TSH stimulate thyroid glands more, and more hormone produced in thyroid glands which eventually cause increase in thyroid gland cells and thyroid glan enlargement
      - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
        
        Functions
        
        ACTH controls secretion os steroid hormones from cortex region of adrenal glands
      - Luteinizing hormone (LH)
        
        Functions
        
        LH stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation. LH controls production of estrogen and progesterone hormones from corpus luteum in females
    - - Prolactin (PRL)
        
        Functions
        
        Prolactin; stimulates lacation, growth of mammary glands and production of milk. It also plays a role in carbohydrates and fat metabolism
      - Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)
        
        Functions
        
        Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), influences skin pigmentation in some vertebrates and fat metabolism in mammals
      - Growth Hormone
        
        Functions
        
        Growth hormone has tropic and nontropic actions.It is made up of 200 amino acids. It promotes growth directly and has diverde metabolic effects.
        
        excess of GH
        
        Acromegaly
        
        Gigantism
        
        lack of GH
        
        Dwarfism
- - - - Mineralocorticoids
        
        Acts on the tubules of the kidney to stimulate reabsortion of sodium and water into the blood and excrete potassium
        
        Low levels of aldosterone results in Addison disease characterized by low blood pressure, bronzing of skin and open to infections
        
        Aldosterone, affect salt and water balance in blood
      - Androgens
        
        The Adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of steroid sex hormones; estrogen, progesteron and testosteron. Women may have masculinization from oversecretion of adrenal male sex hormone
      - Glucocorticoids
        
        Cortisone
        
        It suppresses the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling at the site of the injury
        
        Long-term use of cortisone may trigger infections
        
        Cortisone, whish is much like cortisol, sometimes is used to treat arthrities
        
        Cortisol
        
        It stimulates the production of glucose from fats and aminoacids
        
        High levels of cortisol results in Cushing Syndrome
        
        Cortisol, influence glucose metabolism and the immune system
  - - - The Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
      - These hormones are members of a class of compounds called catecholamines
      - They are secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system
      - They mediate various fight-or-flight responses
    - - Increased blood pressure
      - Increased metabolic rate
      - Increased breathing rate
      - Change in blood flow patterns, leading to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory and reproductive system activity
      - Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose
      - Increase oxygen delivery to body cells
      - Trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood
- - - - Functions
        
        Thyroxine hormone stimulate metabolism and influence development and maturation.
        
        Increase aerobic respiration, therefore oxygen consumption and energy production
        
        Increase protein synthesis during growth and development
        
        Increase blood pressure and heart beat rate and metabolic rate
      - Malfunctions
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        caused by
        
        Low secretion of thyroid hormones
        
        causes
        
        Weight gain, lethargy and intolerance to cold
        
        Goiter
        
        causes
        
        Thyroid gland becomes enlarged
        
        caused by
        
        Iodine deficiency or tumors
        
        Cretinism
        
        causes
        
        Characterized by impairment of mental and physical growth
        
        caused by
        
        Thyroxin deficiency during childhood
        
        Hyperthyroidism
        
        caused by
        
        Excessive secretion of thyroid hormones
        
        causes
        
        High body temperature, weight loss, irrtability and high blood pressure
        
        Grave`s Disease (Toxic Goiter)
        
        causes
        
        Characterized by weight loss, irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems.
        
        caused by
        
        Is a form of hyperthyroidism in humans
    - - It stimulates Ca²⁺ desposition in bones and decreases reasorbtion Ca²⁺ in kidneys and increases excretion of Ca²⁺ by urine
      - Works antagonistacally with parathyroid hormone to balance calcium (Ca²⁺) in the blood of mammals
      - Calcitonin decreases the Ca²⁺ level blood
- - - - Functions
        
        Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood, largely by increasing the levels when they are too low.
        
        It does this through its actions on the kidneys, bones and intestine
      - Malfunctions
        
        Deficiency (Tetany)
        
        Low Ca²⁺ level increase excitability of nerve without rest and results in continuous muscle contraction
        
        It causes painful muscle contraction
        
        If larynx muscles affected by this condition, results in death
        
        Excess
        
        Bones become weak and brittle (easily broken). Precipitation of Ca²⁺ with PO³⁻ in kidneys cause kidney stone