Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Head and Neck, Nervous System - Coggle Diagram
Head and Neck, Nervous System
Physiology
The Nervous System is...
...organized in different parts
Central
Brain
Cerebrum
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia
Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Niagra
Subthalamic Nucleus
Cortex
Neocortex
Functional Areas
Cerebral Dominance
Cerebellum
Major Pathways
Cortex
Brainstem
Higher Order Brain Functions
Memory
Sleep
Consciousness
Learning
Language
Emotion
Stress
Attention
Motivation Control System
Learning and Memory System 📖
Hippocampus + Amygdala <=> Cortex
Motor Loop 💪🏻
Sensory input
→ Thalamus → Cortex → Basal Ganglia → Thalamus
Reinforcement System 🤩
Homeostatic input
→ venture tegmental area (VTA) <=> Nucleus accumbent (Nacc) → Basal Ganglia
Spinal Cord
Tracts
↑ Ascending
↓ Descending
Pyramidal
Corticospinal Tracts
Corticobulbar Tracts
Extrapyramidal
Integrative Pathways
Myotatic Reflex
Peripheral
Motor (Efferent)
Visceral (Autonomic) Motor
Sympathetic
Adrenergic Receptors (Noradrenaline)
Parasympathetic
Choligernic Receptos (Acetylcholine)
Enteric
Innervation of selected organs
Somatic Motor
Sensory (Afferent)
Somatic
(voluntary) Sensory
General Senses
Touch & Propioception
Pain
Temperature
Vestibular Sytem 🕺🏻
Labyrinth
Vestibular Pathways
Efferent Vestibular Connections
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes
Decerebrate and Decorticate Rigidity
Clinical Correlations
Special Senses
Auditory System 👂🏻
Outer, Middle, Inner Ear
Auditory Pathway
Olivocochlear Bundle
Tuning Fork Tests
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (Baer)
Olfactory System 👃🏻
Gustatory System 👅
Visual System 👁
Retina
Visual Pathway
Pupillary Light Reflexes and Pathway
Pupillary Dilation Pathway
Convergence–Accommodation Reaction
Receptors and Pathways
Visceral (Autonomic) Sensory
Fibers
Pain
...made up of cells
Neurons
Structural types
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
Pseudopolar
Functional types
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Interneurons
Local
Relay
Motor (efferent) neurons
Components of neurons
Axon
Soma
Myelin Sheath
Shwann Cells
Oligodentrocytes
Nssil Bodies
Nodes of Ranvier
Terminal Buttons
Dentrites
Action Potentials
Glial
Cells
In CNS
Astrocytes
Microglial
Ependymal
Oligodendrocytes
in PNS
Satellite Cells
Shwann Cells
...is made up of tissue
Degeneration
Regeneration
Sensory Receptors
Capillaries of CNS
...made up of
neurotransmitters
AcetylCholine
Dopamine
Norepinephrine (Noradrenalin)
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine [5-HT])
Opioid Peptides
Nonopioid Neuropeptides
Amino Acids
Nitric Oxide
Anatomy
NeuroAnatomy
Structures in CNS (there are different ways of dividing the brain)
Way 2: CCB
➊
Cerebrum
Lobes
Frontal
Gyri
: Precentral gyrus (motor cortex); superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri (prefrontal cortex)
Sulci
: Precentral sulcus, superior frontal sulcus, inferior frontal sulcus
Parietal
Gyri
: Postcentral gyrus, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule (supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus)
Sulci
: Postcentral sulcus, intraparietal sulcus
Temporal
Gyri
: Superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal sulcus
Sulci
: Superior temporal sulcus, inferior temporal sulcus, preoccipital notch
Occipital
Gyri
: Superior and inferior occipital gyri
Sulci
: Parietoocccipital sulcus, preoccipital notch
Basal Ganglia
Striatum
caudate nucleus
putamen
Globus
pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Input
Glutamate → Cortex → Striatum. Dopamine → Substantia Nigra → Striatum.
Output
Gaba → Globus pallidus → Thalamus → Glutamate → Cortex.
Internal Processing
Grey Matter
Vascular supply
Anterior Cerebral Arteries :<3:
Middle Cerebral Arteries :<3:
Posterior Cerebral Arteries :<3:
White Matter
Cortex Vasculature
Left and Right Hemispheres
➌
Cerebellum
➋
Brainstem
Pons
External
Anterior
✱ Cranial Nerve V:
Trigeminal
✱ Cranial Nerve VI:
Abducens
✱ Cranial nerve VII:
Facial
✱ Cranial nerve VIII:
Vestibulocochlear
Posterior
Medial eminence
Facial colliculus
Stria medullaris
Internal
Ventral
Tegmentum
Tracts
↓ Descending
2 more items...
↑ Ascending
2 more items...
Cranial Nerve Nuclei
✱ Mesencephalic Nucleus
✱ Trigeminal Motor Nucleus
✱ Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
✱ Abducens Nucleus
✱ Facial Nucleus
✱ Cochlear Nucleus
✱ Vestibular Nucleus
Vascular supply
Pontine branches of Basilar Artery :<3:
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) :<3:
Superior Cerebellar Artery :<3:
Medulla
:warning:
Reticular formation
Midbrain
Internal
Inferior Colliculus
Superior Culloculus
External
Peduncles (crus cerebri)
Tectum
Tegmentum
Vascular supply
Posterior Cerebral Artery :<3:
Interpeduncular branches of Cerebellar Artery :<3:
Peduncular branches of Posterior Cerebral Artery :<3:
Posterior Choroidal Artery :<3:
Superior Cerebral Artery :<3:
Corticobulbar (Corticonuclear) Fibers
Way 1: Vesicles
Forebrain (proencephalon)
Diencephalon
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Thermoregulation
Hunger and Satiety
Surface Anatomy
Regions and Nuclei
Major Connections
Major Fiber Systems
Functional Considerations
Clinical Correlations
Thalamus
Primary Thalamic Nuclei and their Major Connections
Ventral Posterolateral nucleus (pain, temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, and proprioception)
Ventral Posteromedial nucleus (face sensation, taste)
Lateral Geniculate nucleus (vision)
Medial Geniculate nucleus (hearing)
Ventral Lateral nucleus (motor information)
Blood Supply
Internal Capsule
Blood Supply
Clinical Correlations
Telencephalon
Cerebrum
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Metencephalon
Pons
Cerebellum
Myelencephalon
Medulla
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Mesencephalon
CSF Ventricles
Lateral Ventricles (2)
Interventricular Foramina of Monro (2)
3rd Ventricle
Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)
4th Ventricle
Choroid plexus produces CSF
Anatomy
Anterior (Frontal) Horn
Inferior (Temporal) Horn
Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius)
Lateral Aperture (Foramen of Luschka)
Lateral Recess
Central Canal
Posterior (Occipital) Horn
Scalp and Meninges
Cranium
Dura mater
Skin
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Cerebrum
Pineal Gland
Limbic System
Trigeminal System
Ascending Trigeminothalamic Tracts
Trigeminal Sensory Nuclei
Trigeminocerebellar Fibers
Trigeminal Reflexes
Clinical Correlations
Pathways
Tracts
↓ Descending
↑ Ascending
Auditory Pathway
Vasculature
Cavernous Sinus
Arterial supply to CNS
Venous Drainage of the CNS
Cerebrospinal Fluids and Ventricles
Head
Areas
Mastoid Fossa
Cranial Fossa
Anterior
Middle
Posterior
Scalp
Infratemporal Fossa
Pterygopalatine
Bones 🦴
Mandible
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Bones of the Skull
Temporal
Nasal
Cranial Foramina
Muscles
Tongue
👅
Intrinsic
Superior longitudinal
Inferior longitudinal
Transverse
Vertical
Extrinsic
Genioglossus
Hypoglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Innervation
Anterior 2/3
Sensation
Trigeminal (CNV) → mandibular → lingual nerve
Taste
Facial (CNVII) → Chorda Tympani
Posterior 1/3
✱ Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
Facial Expression 🙎🏻♀️
Orbital
👁
Orbiculaires Oculi
Corrugator Supercilii
Nasal 👃🏻
Nasalis
Procerus
Oral 👄
Orbicularis Oris
Buccinator
Other
Upper
Risorius
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor
Levator Labii Superioris
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
Levator Anguli Oris
Lower
Depressor Labii Inferioris
Mentalis
Depressor Anguli Oris
Mastication 😬
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial Pterygoid
Lateral Pterygoid
✱ Nerves
Organs
Orbit 👁
Ear 👂🏻
Joints
Palate 👄
Cranial Nerves
Nervus Terminalis (NT; Cranial Nerve 0)
Olfactory Nerve (CN I) 👃🏻
Optic Nerve (CN II) 👁
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) 👁
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) 👁
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) 👩🏻⚕️
Mandibular
Lingual
Chorda Tympani
Inferior Alveolar
Mental
Meningeal
Auriculotemporal
Mylohyoid
Buccal
Maxillary
Infraorbital
Superior Alveolar
Nasopalatine
Zygomaticofacial
Zygomaticotemporal
Ophtalmic
Frontal
Lacrimal
Palpebral
Nasociliary
Anterior ethmoidal
External nasal branch
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
Infratrochlear
Abducent Nerve (CN VI) 👁
Facial Nerve (CN VII) 👩🏻⚕️
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
Posterior Auricular
branches to stylohyoid and post. digastric
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) 👂🏻
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) 👅
Vagal Nerve (CN X) ❤️ 🗣 💦
Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) 👅
Neck
Areas
Carotid Triangle
Submental Triangle
Submandibular Triangle
Muscular Triangle
Bones
Cervical Spine
Atlas
Axis
Joints
Ligaments
Viscera
Pharynx
Larynx
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Muscles
Suboccipital
Suprahyoid
Infrahyoid
Scalene
✱ Nerves
Cervical Plexus
Phrenic Nerve
Vasculature :<3:
Carotid Arteries
External Carotid Artery
Vertebral Arteries
Brachiocephalic trunk
right common carotid
right external carotid
right internal carotid
subclavian arteries
common carotid
Internal Carotid Artery
Other Arteries of the Neck
Other
Spinal Chord
Vascular Supply
Morphology
External
Internal
Semimology & Clincal
Imaging
Symptoms
Disorders
Spinal Cord
Lesions
Lower Motor Neuron
Upper Motor Neuron
Sensory Pathway
PNS
Combined UMN and LMN
Combined Motor and Sensory
Disk Herniation
Tracts
Nervous Tissue
Head and Neck
Brainstem
Lesions
Pons Vascularization
Midbrain
Acoustic Neuroma (Schwannoma)
Internuclear Ophtalmoplegia
Jugular Foramen (Vernet) Syndrome
Subclavian Steal Syndrom
Medulla Vascularization
Special Senses
Hearing Defects 👂🏻
Vestibular
Visual Disorders 👁
Scotoma
Anopia
Uni
Hemi
bitemporal
binasal
homonymous
Quadra
Cerebellum
Dysfunction
Lesions
Cerebrum
Split-Brain Syndrome in cerebral cortex
Apraxia
Aphasia
Dysprosodies
Basal Ganglia
Parkinsons
Huntington’s
ANS
Meninges and CSF
Meningitis
Herniation
Cerebral edema
Hydrocephalus
Communicating (nonobstructive)
Noncommunicating (obstructive)
Intracranial hemorrhage
Drugs
Embryology