Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
THE COMPETENCIES IN ENGLISH, • Word order. - Coggle Diagram
THE COMPETENCIES
IN ENGLISH
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Definition of Competence
Explained that a competence is knowledge, behavior, and a skill
needed by the students after the students experienced a learning process.
Communicative Competence
Power is defined as implicit and explicit knowledge of language language of mother tongue speaker, while performance as indigenous speaker ability to produce language in the use of language is defined.
This means that there are many rules in language and without the rules, the grammatical rules will be useless.
IARES-FIEMEAN (2010) established that communicative competence is the competence of the learner to use language applicable in the particular social context.
Hyme's communicative competence is expanded by Canale & Swain (1980) Canale & Swain Proposed FOUR TESTED as the basic communicative competence;
Grammatical
Sociolinguistic
Discourse
Strategic skills.
Component of English competences
The organizational competence includes grammatical and textual competences while pragmatically competence includes illocutionary and sociolinguistic competences.
In the epistemic level, learners are expected can express the knowledge into target language.
Goweret all (2005) stated that those language skills are learned integratively.
All primary skills such as listening, reading, writing, speaking, vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation, syntax, word formation and other components must be integrated and optimalized in the communication.
Listening
Skill
Listening is active skill happened in the listener’s brain in guessing, predicting, proofing,
criticizing, and interpreting what the listener heard.
Richard (2008) explained that listening can be divided into two perspectives.
Listening as comprehension is a common way to think about the
nature of listening.
listening as acquisition views that listening is a part of language development.
Speaking Skill
Brown (2001) defined speaking as activity that involves two or more people in which the participants are both listeners and speakers having to act what they listen and make contribution meaningfully.
Fulcher
(2000) explained that the elements of speaking.
Grammar is important in composing sentences correctly.
Vocabulary is the
basic composition in arranging sentences.
pronunciation helps the listener to understand the speaker’s utterances. Fluency is needed to
make the conversation running well.
Harmer (2007) stated that there are few speaking genres
Transactional genre aims
to deliver the message and facilitating services or things.
Interpersonal genre aims to maintain
and continue the relationship between the speaker and listener.
Interactive genre happens in two
ways communication.
Non-interactive happens when someone leave the message on the phone.
planned genre happens in the class or speech.
Unplanned genre happens spontaneously
when the people meet in the street.
The process of speaking generally divided into four steps.
Pre-speaking, the students are given a sequence time to prepare their speaking and teacher gives the correction on their speaking. There are three ways in doing pre-speaking; pre-task planning, pre-speaking support, and authentic input.
While-speaking activities, there are few activities that can be carried out. speaking task, fluency technique, and forming automaticity.
In the post-speaking step, there are three activities of the
accuracy on student’s speaking.
They are language focus, self-repair, and corrective feedback.
Corrective feedback, there are two kind of feedback; teacher and peer feedback; by analyzing the student’s audio from previous speaking activities.
Reading Skill
• Reading may be a open aptitude in defining significant data conveyed in a text. Nunan (2003) expressed that perusing may be a process of retaining data from composed content and partner data with earlier information to set up a important content.
• Reading is an important skill that learners need. because if you have good reading skills Learners will be able to understand the text they read.
• In Woolley (2011), there are four aims of reading activity.
code-breaker
meaning maker
text user
text-analyst
Based on Kosak (2011), there are types of reading
Skimming
Scanning
Close reading
Writing Skill
• Harmer (2004) states that writing is an important skill required by ESL or EFL learners and that writing is a communication tool because it expresses people's thoughts and feelings. For people who are unable to express their thoughts and feelings verbally. They can express themselves in writing, by writing.
• Writing is a practical skill.
• There are many reasons in writing for daily life such as listing, informing, pursuing, maintaining relationship, documenting, expressing feeling, experiencing, and observing.
• Chitravelu et. al (2005)classified types of writing into three classification.
personal writing.
transactional writing.
creative writing.
Peha (2002), there are few steps in writing processes.
pre-writing,
drafting, sharing, revising, editing, and assessing.
Grammar
• The grammar is the system of rules governing the conventional arrangement and relationship of words in sentences.
The words in sentences means the grammar unit contains ofwords, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
• There are few grammatical rules acquired by the learner.
• Sentences components.
• Language function.
• Sentence connector.
• Grammar used for written and oral language.
• Idioms.
Pronunciation
• Pronunciation is one of important language components in using oral language. The student’s fluency is based on the accuracy of student’s pronunciation and the miss pronunciation can lead to misunderstanding in receiving message. So, it is important to give more attention on pronunciation in learning English.
• If the intonation is flat means that the speaker is not interested on the topic discussion. For example, in the sentence “You speak English, don’t you?”, if it is said in the flat intonation means that the speaker is sure that the listener can speak English, but if it is said in the raising intonation means that the speaker is not sure that the listener can speak English or the speaker wants to get more information.
Vocabulary
explained that vocabulary is the study about word and its meaning in establishing sentences.
• Word order.