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ENDOCRİNE SYSTEM :, relases hormone, induces, Balances, LOCATED IN…

- - - - Oxytocin
        
        Uterine contractions
      - Antiduretic hormone (ADH)
        
        Osmotic pressure of blood
    - - Prolactin (PRL)
        
        Mammary glands
      - Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
        
        Melanocytes
      - Growth hormone (GR)
        
        Liver, bones, other tissue
      - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
        
        Thyroid
      - Adrenocorticotrpic hormone (ACTH)
        
        Adrenal cortex
      - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
        
        Testes or ovaries
      - Luteinizing hormone (LH)
        
        Testes or ovaries
  - - - •Thyroxine hormone stimulate metabolism and influence development and maturation.
        •Increase aerobic respiration, therefore oxygen consumption and energy production
        •Increase blood pressure and heart beat rate and metabolic rate
    - - •It stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones and decreases reabsorbtion of Ca2+ in
        kidneys and increases excretion of Ca2+ by urine
        •Calcitonin decreases the Ca2+ level of blood
        •Works antagonistacally with parathyroid hormone to balance calcium (Ca2+) in the blood of
        mammals
  - - - Low Ca+2 level increase excitability of nerve without rest and this results in continuous muscle contraction.It causes painful muscle contraction. If larynx muscles affected by this condition, resultsin death.
  - - - The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). These hormones are members of a class of compounds called catecholamines.
    - - The adrenal cortex releases a family of steroids called corticosteroids in response to stress. These hormones are triggered by a hormone cascade pathway via the hypothalamus and anterior
        pituitary.
        
        Humans produce 3 types of corticosteroids:
        
        Glucocorticoids
        
        Cortisol, influence glucose metabolism and the immune system
        
        Mineralocorticoids
        
        Aldosterone, affect salt and
        water balance in blood.
        
        Androgens.
        
        The adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of steroid sex hormones; estrogen, progesteron and testosterone. Women may have masculinization from oversecretion of adrenal male sex hormone
  - - - Insulin (secreted from beta cells)
        
        •Decrease blood glucose level
        
        •Works antagonistacally with glucagon to adjust blood glucose level
        
        •Increase the permeability of cells to take glucose except brain cells
      - Glucagon (secreted from alpha cells)
        
        •Increasee blood glucose level
        
        •Works antagonistacally with insulin to adjust blood glucose level
        
        •Functions in conservation of glycogen to glucose into liver
  - - - Thymus is the primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. It secretes thymic
        hormone.
  - - - The pineal gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin, primarily at night.
        Light/dark cycles control release of melatonin.
    - - It is a contributor to feelings of well-being
        and happiness. It increases sexual desire.
- - - - •Normal blood glucose level 80-90 mg/100mL.
        •Insulin-dependent diabetes, referred as type I, usually develops before age
    - - •About % 90 of diabetics have type II diabetes.
        •This disorder develops gradually, usually in overweight persons over the age of 40.