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Quantum Sensing: Analysis of Rydberg Sensors with Classical Sensors for E…

Quantum Sensing: Analysis of Rydberg Sensors with Classical Sensors for E field sensing of civil, medical and military systems

Applications

D. A. Anderson, R. E. Sapiro and G. Raithel, "A self-calibrating SI-traceable broadband Rydberg atom-based radio-frequency electric field probe and measurement instrument", arXiv:1910.07107, Oct. 2019, [online] Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07107.

M. T. Simons, A. H. Haddab, J. A. Gordon and C. L. Holloway, "Applications with a Rydberg atom-based radio frequency antenna/receiver", Proc. EMC Eur., pp. 885-889, Sep. 2019.

M. T. Simons, J. A. Gordon and C. L. Holloway, "Fiber-coupled vapor cell for a portable Rydberg atom-based radio frequency electric field sensor", Appl. Opt., vol. 57, no. 22, pp. 6456-6460, 2018.

H. Fan, S. Kumar, J. Sedlacek, H. Kübler, S. Karimkashi and J.P Shaffer, "Atom based RF electric field sensing", J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 48, no. 202001, 2015.

H.Q. Fan, S. Kumar, R. Daschner, H. Kübler and J.P. Shaffer, "Subwavelength microwave electric-field imaging using rydberg atoms inside atomic vapor cells", Optics Letters, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3030, may 2014.

Phase digital

K.C. Cox, D.H. Meyer, F.K. Fatemi and P.D. Kunz, "Digital communication with Rydberg atoms and amplitude-modulated microwave fields", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 112, pp. 211108, 2018.

Z. Song, W. Zhang, H. Liu, X. Liu, H. Zhou, J. Zhang, et al., "Rydberg-atom-based digital communication using a continuously tunable radio-frequency carrier", Optics Express, vol. 27, pp. 8848, 2019.

Z. Song, W. Zhang, H. Liu, X. Liu, H. Zou, J. Zhang, et al., The credibility of Rydberg atom based digital communication over a continuously tunable radio-frequency carrier,

A Rydberg Atom-Based Mixer: Measuring the Phase of a Radio Frequency Wave Matthew T. Simons,1 Abdulaziz H. Haddab,2 Joshua A. Gordon,3 and Christopher L. Holloway (Dated: 9 March 2019)

D. A. Anderson, R. E. Sapiro and G. Raithel, "A self-calibrating SI-traceable broadband Rydberg atom-based radio-frequency electric field probe and measurement instrument", arXiv:1910.07107, Oct. 2019, [online] Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.07107.

M. T. Simons, A. H. Haddab, J. A. Gordon and C. L. Holloway, "Applications with a Rydberg atom-based radio frequency antenna/receiver", Proc. EMC Eur., pp. 885-889, Sep. 2019.

M. T. Simons, A. H. Haddab, J. A. Gordon, D. Novotny and C. L. Holloway, "Embedding a Rydberg Atom-Based Sensor Into an Antenna for Phase and Amplitude Detection of Radio-Frequency Fields and Modulated Signals," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 164975-164985, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2949017.

Atom based mixer

M.T. Simons, A.H. Haddab, J.A. Gordon and C.L. Holloway, "A Rydberg-Atom Based Mixer", Applied Physics Letters, vol. 114, pp. 114101, 2019.

M. T. Simons, A. H. Haddab, J. A. Gordon, D. Novotny and C. L. Holloway, "Embedding a Rydberg Atom-Based Sensor Into an Antenna for Phase and Amplitude Detection of Radio-Frequency Fields and Modulated Signals," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 164975-164985, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2949017.

AM & FM

D. A. Anderson, R. E. Sapiro and G. Raithel, "An Atomic Receiver for AM and FM Radio Communication," in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 2455-2462, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.2987112.

C. L. Holloway, M. T. Simons, A. H. Haddab, C. J. Williams and M. W. Holloway, "A ‘real-time’ guitar recording using Rydberg atoms and electromagnetically induced transparency: Quantum physics meets music", AIP Adv., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 065110, 2019.

A. B. Deb and N. Kjærgaard, "Radio-over-fiber using an optical antenna based on Rydberg states of atoms", Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 112, no. 21, 2018.

Z. Song, W. Zhang, H. Liu, X. Liu, H. Zhou, J. Zhang, et al., "Rydberg-atom-based digital communication using a continuously tunable radio-frequency carrier", Optics Express, vol. 27, pp. 8848, 2019.

Using both Cs and Rb

M.T. Simons, J.A. Gordon and C.L. Holloway, "Simultaneous use of Cs and Rb Rydberg atoms for dipole moment assessment and RF electric field measurements via electromagnetically induced transparency", Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 120, no. 123103, 2016.

Z. Song, Z. Feng, X. Liu, D. Li, H. Zhang, J. Liu, et al., "Quantum-based determination of antenna finite range gain by using rydberg atoms", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, pp. 1589-1592, 2017.

40 µV/m and as high as 10 kV/m

J. Sedlacek, A. Schwettmann, H. Kübler, R. Löw, T. Pfau and J. P. Shaffer, "Microwave electrometry with Rydberg atoms in a vapour cell using bright atomic resonances", Nature Physics, vol. 8, pp. 819-824, 2012.

D. A. Anderson and G. Raithel, "Continuous-frequency measurements of high-intensity microwave electric fields with atomic vapor cells",

Sensitivity

M. T. Simons, J. A. Gordon, C. L. Holloway, D. A. Anderson, S. A. Miller, and G. Raithel, “Using frequency detuning to improve the sensitivity of electric field measurements via electromagnetically induced transparency and Autler-Townes splitting in Rydberg atoms,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 108, 174101 (2016).

K. C. Cox, D. H. Meyer, F. K. Fatemi and P. D. Kunz, "Quantum-Limited Atomic Receiver in the Electrically Small Regime", Physical Review Letters, vol. 121, pp. 110502, 2018.

Polarization

J.A. Sedlacek, A. Schwettmann, H. Kübler and J.P. Shaffer, "Atom-Based Vector Microwave Electrometry Using Rubidium Rydberg Atoms in a Vapor Cell", Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, no. 063001, 2013.

D. A. Anderson, E. G. Paradis and G. Raithe A hybrid polarization-selective atomic sensor for radio-frequency field detection with a passive resonant-cavity field amplifier

M. T. Simons, A. H. Haddab, J. A. Gordon, D. Novotny and C. L. Holloway, "Embedding a Rydberg Atom-Based Sensor Into an Antenna for Phase and Amplitude Detection of Radio-Frequency Fields and Modulated Signals," in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 164975-164985, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2949017.

WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE

M. T. Simons, M. D. Kautz, C. L. Holloway, D. A. Anderson and G. Raithel, "Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and Autler–Townes (AT) splitting in the presence of band-limited white Gaussian noise", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 123, 2018.

DC / AC VOLTAGE STARK SHIFT

Holloway, Christopher L., Nikunjkumar Prajapati, John Kitching, Jeffery A. Sherman, Carson Teale, Alain Rufenacht, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Amy K. Robinson, and Eric B. Norrgard. "Electromagnetically induced transparency based Rydberg-atom sensor for quantum voltage measurements." arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.02335 (2021).

K. C. Cox, D. H. Meyer, Z. A. Castillo, and P. D. Kunz, "Receiving Electric Fields with a Rydberg Quantum Sensor," in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, OSA Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2020), paper JW2A.13.

Near field far field

D. A. Anderson, E. Paradis, G. Raithel, R. E. Sapiro and C. L. Holloway, "High-resolution antenna near-field imaging and sub-THz measurements with a small atomic vapor-cell sensing element", Proc. 11th Global Symp. Millimeter Waves, pp. 1-3, May 2018, [online] Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8439437/.

C.L. Holloway, M.T. Simons, J.A. Gordon, P.F. Wilson, C.M. Cooke, D.A. Anderson, et al., "Atom-Based RF Electric Field Metrology: From Self-Calibrated Measurements to Subwavelength and Near-Field Imaging", IEEE Trans. on Electromagnetic Compat., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 717-728, 2017.

Z. Song, Z. Feng, X. Liu, D. Li, H. Zhang, J. Liu, et al., "Quantum-based determination of antenna finite range gain by using rydberg atoms", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 16, pp. 1589-1592, 2017.

M. T. Simons, A. H. Haddab, J. A. Gordon and C. L. Holloway, "Applications with a Rydberg atom-based radio frequency antenna/receiver", Proc. EMC Eur., pp. 885-889, Sep. 2019.

H. Fan, S. Kumar, J. Sedlacek, H. Kübler, S. Karimkashi and J.P Shaffer, "Atom based RF electric field sensing", J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., vol. 48, no. 202001, 2015.

H.Q. Fan, S. Kumar, R. Daschner, H. Kübler and J.P. Shaffer, "Subwavelength microwave electric-field imaging using rydberg atoms inside atomic vapor cells", Optics Letters, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3030, may 2014.

Vapour CELL

H. Fan, S. Kumar, J. Sheng, J.P. Shaffer, C.L. Holloway and J.A. Gordon, "Effect of Vapor-Cell Geometry on Rydberg-Atom-Based Measurements of Radio-Frequency Electric Fields", Physical Review Applied, vol. 4, no. 044015, Nov. 2015.