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Unit 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - phosphate group
    - - hydrocarbon chain
  - - - lipid that has one or more carbohydrates bonded to it
    - - protein that has one or more carbohydrates bonded to it
  - - - against
        
        movement of a molecule from its less concentrated area to a more concentrated area, requires energy input
        
        active
      - down
        
        movement of a molecule from its more concentrated area to a less concentrated area
        
        passive
    - - down concentration gradient
      - through proteins
        
        types of protein channels
        
        leak channels
        
        aquaporins
        
        gated channel
        
        ligand gated
        
        ligand attatches
        
        channels open
        
        mechnically gated
        
        voltage gated
      - no energy input required
  - - - no net movement
      - ideal for animal cells
    - - water moves out of cell faster than it enters
      - both animal and plant cell membranes shrivel up
      - ideal for plant cells
    - - water comes into cell faster than it leaves
      - animal cell bursts, plant cell stretches to full capacity of cell wall
  - - - moves protons through the membrane
      - example: sodium potassium pumps and calcium pumo
    - - 2 molecules pass through the same channel
      - both molecules move in the same direction
      - passive transport
      - example: sodium potassium pump
- - - - hydrophilic heads
      - hydrophobic tails
  - - - found in cytoskeleton
      - composed of actin and myosin
      - actin -> actin polymer -> actin filament
      - thinnest protein fibers
      - 6-7nm diameter
      - muscle cell contraction
      - positive end and negative end
      - no hollow center
    - - largest
      - rigid hollow tubes
      - made of tubulin
      - alpha and beta tubulin
      - helical strucure with hollow center
      - 23 nm diameter
      - positive end and negative end
      - microtible grows from positive end
    - - slightly greater in diameter
      - 10 nm
      - composed of several types of different proteins
      - provide stricture stability
      - also found in nucleus
      - compose nuclear lamina found in cytoplasm as well as outside of cell
      - positive end and negative end
      - no hollow center
- - - - nucleus
      - cytoplasmic organelles
    - - conveys signals away from body to other cells
      - sending message
    - - conveys signals away from neuron body to other cells
      - receiving message
  - - - sodium and potassium channels are closed
    - - when depolarization reaches threshold
      - resting potential -> threshold -> rising to peak -> falling to undershoot -> undershoot -> resting potential
    - - some sodium channels open
      - sodium influx depolarizes membrane
    - - opens most sodium channels
      - sodium influx makes inside membrane positive and outside negative
    - - most sodium channels become inactivated
      - blocks sodium inflow
      - most potassium channels
      - permits potassium outflow
      - returns membrane charge back to negative inside and positive outside
    - - stops charge from going backwards
  - - - binds to receptors on the muscle
      - leads to depolarization that nutates action potential
- - - - in muscle contraction:
        
        myosin puls thin filament inwards when phosphorylated by atp
        
        myosin heads attached to thick filament in between 2 thin filaments
    - - when calcium ion concentration increases in the cytosol, think and which filaments slide past eachother, muscle fiber contracts
    - - regulatory protein bonded to actin strands of thin filament
      - covers myosin binding sites
      - prevents actin and myosin from interacting
    - - also bonded to actin strands
  - - - react instantly
      - flex super fast
      - run out of energy fast
      - can be either oxidative or glycolytic
    - - react slower
      - flex cycle slower
      - run out of energy slower, can work nonstop for hours
      - oxidative
        
        ATP coming from oxidative phosphorylation
  - - - found only in the heart
      - striated
      - ion channels in plasma membrane of cardiac muscle cause rhythmic depolarizations
      - trigger action potential without nervous system input action
      - acotio potentials last 20x longer than skeletal fiber action potentials
    - - found mainly in walls of hollow organs
      - blood vessels and organs of the digestive tract
      - lack striations becuase actin and myosin filaments are not regularly arrayed along the length of the cell