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CHEMISTRY 9QT - SEMESTER 1 - Coggle Diagram
CHEMISTRY 9QT - SEMESTER 1
Introduction to organic chemistry
Classification
By composition
Hydrocarbon: contain only carbon and hydro (CH4, C4H10,...)
Deriviates of hydrocarbon (contain other elements)
Functional group: specific group of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule
Example: alcohol: OH, aldehyde: CHO
By structure
Open chain compounds (2 ends of the chain)
Straight chain & branched chain
Cyclic chain compounds: a link of carbon
Homocyclic compounds ( Alicyclic and Aromatic)
Hetereocyclic
Crude oil
Definition: Naturally occurring petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials.
Fractional distillation
Fractions
Refinery gas
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Fuel oil
Bitumen
Process
1, Evaporation: The crude oil is evaporated and its vapours condense at different temperatures in the fractionating column. Each fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with a similar number of carbon atoms and a similar range of boiling points.
2, Condensation: The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top. Substances with high boiling points condense at the bottom and substances with lower boiling points condense on the way to the top.
3, Collection: The gases leave at the top of the column, the liquids condense in the middle and the solids stay at the bottom.
Definition: Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions.
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Crude oil is separated by fractional distillation. Crude oil is heated to vaporize the different hydrocarbons in a tank which is cool at the top and hot at the bottom. The vapours then rise and the different hydrocarbons condense at their specific boiling points, allowing them to be separated.
Properties
In appearance, it range from colorless to black.
Lighter than Water
Liquid, quite dense
A type of fossil fuel, can be refined to produce usable products including diesel, gasoline, and various other forms of petrochemicals.
Definition
The study of compounds that contain carbon
Except: CO2, CO, CO3(2-), C(4-),...
Earth's system
Gas in the atmosphere
The gas law
The combined gas law
P1xV1/T1=P2xV2/T2
combination of boyle, gay lussac and charles
Charles' law
V1/T1=V2/T2
if we add more heat, the temperature increases and the volume increases
Boyle's law
when a gas is compressed, the volum decreases and the pressure increases
P1xV1=P2xV2
Gay-Lusac's law
states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas when the volume is kept constant.
P1/T1=P2/T2
Avogadro's law:
Avogadro hypothesized that any two samples of gas, even if the gases are different, will have the same volume when they are held at the same pressure and temperature.
V1/n1=V2/n2
Types of gases
Ideal gas
A hypothetical gas that exactly obeys the kinetic model of gases is called an ideal gas.
An ideal gas has particles of infinitesimal and insignificant size and no intermolecular attractive forces between the particles.
Mathematical expression: PV/Tn=R, or PV=nRT
Real gas
A real gas is defined as a gas that at all standard pressure and temperature conditions does not obey gas laws. It deviates from its ideal behaviour as the gas becomes huge and voluminous. True gases have velocity, mass, and volume.
van der Waals equation: (P + an2/V2) (V − nb) = nRT
Wind
Air move from area of high pressure , cold region to the low pressure, warm region
definition: Wind is caused by the movement of air particles and can be explained using the ideal gas law and the concept of diffusions
Diffusion and Effusion
Definition: tendency of molecules to move towards areas of lower concentration until the conentration is uniform.
Diffusion and Particle Speed
: For two gases at the same temperature, the average kinetic energy is the same. if the mass of one the particles is larger, then the velocity of the particle must be smaller. Kinetic energy is related to mass and velocity by the KE=1/2 m.v^2
Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle describes the process in which carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Earth and then back into the atmosphere. Carbon is released back into the atmosphere when organisms die, volcanoes erupt, fires blaze, fossil fuels are burned, and through a variety of other mechanisms.
Water cycle
The water cycle shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere. It is a complex system that includes many different processes. Liquid water evaporates into water vapor, condenses to form clouds, and precipitates back to earth in the form of rain and snow.
Rock cycle
Cycle
They are continually changing because of processes such as weathering, erosion and large earth movements. The rocks are gradually recycled over millions of years. This is called the rock cycle . For example, sedimentary rocks can be changed into metamorphic rocks.
Types of rock
There are three main types of rocks: sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward the surface.
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Metamorphic rocks are formed when existing rock is transformed physically or chemically at elevated temperature, without actually melting to any great degree.
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sedimentary: formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface
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