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The modern state - Coggle Diagram

- - - - it was the new political organisation which emerged as a result of the reforms of monarchs
        
        The most powerful monarchies
        
        French
        
        English
        
        Portuguese (pioneers in the search for new trade routes)
        
        Spanish ( union of the kingdoms of Castilla and Aragón)
        
        Russian
        
        form part of present-day Italy and Germany remained divided into small states
        
        they where areas of economic or strategic importance
        
        most powerful authoritarian monarchies of the continent argued over their control
        
        it became the scene of numerous wars
    - - main objectives
        
        control the power of the nobility
        
        administrate the kingdom's resources
        
        consolidate their authority
        
        maintain a strong position of power in relation to other monarchs
      - they became more powerful and were able to reform the existing institutions and create new ones.
      - monarchs of some European kingdoms adopted some mesures
        
        They strengthened bureaucracy
        
        these where composed of officials directly under their control, who supervised the kingdom's affairs.
        
        this way the monarchs were able to maintain effective control of their possessions.
        
        They centralised power by creating new institutions to serve them
        
        power of centralised institutions ,gradually increased
        
        autonomy of the feudal lords and special legislations was gradually reduced
        
        They formed powerful armies of mercenaries who where paid shoulders and what they would to was to try and defeat nobles
        
        they created a diplomatic body to establish alliances with other states or kingdoms
        
        they prohibited the nobles from forming their own armies
        
        The monarchs established a court or permanent seat for the new institutions
        
        in many cases, these became the capital of their kingdom
      - because of these chainges nobility had to obey to the same extent as the rest of the social groups.
- - - - 16th century Francis I fought against Carlos V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain
      - France was involved in bloody religious wars.
      - At the end of the 16th century, Henry IV came to the throne and established the Bourbon Dynasty
    - - In the 16th century the Tudor Dynasty came to power.
      - Henry VIII confronted the Pope
      - Elizabeth I defeated the Spanish king Felipe II, maintaining the kingdom's independence.
    - - Portugal remained independent until the end of the 16th century when it became part of the Spanish monarchy.
  - - - Ivan IV the Terrible in the 16th century. The Russian monarchs adopted the title of tsar or emperor.
    - - this monarchi was however weak, not very centralised, kingdom
    - - Mehmed II the Conqueror took control of Constantinople and a large part of the Balkan Peninsula
      - Selim I then conquered Syria, Egypt and part of Arabia
      - Suleiman I the Magnificent took control of northern Africa and subdued Hungary,
        
        he later on tried to conquer others but he was stopped in Austria by the German Emperor.