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UK Landscapes (Don't use) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - e.g. basalt (extrusive), granite (intrusive)
        
        form when magma and lava cool
        
        oldest and newest rock
        
        have crystals
        
        have gas bubbles (trapped during cooling)
        
        resistant (strong)
        
        no fossils
        
        intrusive -> magma cools slowly underground -> large crystals (longer to form = larger)
        
        extrusive -> magma erupts + cools quickly on surface -> small crystals
      - e.g. Dartmoor, Isle of Arran
    - - e.g. schists, slates, marble
        
        existing rock is put under pressure and/or heat. this changes the rock (not melting, changes the rock chemically)
        
        crystals (minerals) form in bands
        
        can contain fossils, but these are squeezed out pf shape
      - e.g. South Devon, Snowdonia
    - - e.g. chalk, sandstone
        
        formed when sediment is compressed over millions of years
        
        sediment comes from weathering of another rock and is transported + deposited to another place
        
        formed from weathered or eroded rock debris that have been transported and deposited. the deposited rock layers build up in layers called sediments
        
        weight causes layer at bottom to be compressed
        
        forms layers
        
        layers can vary in colour and size of particles
        
        soft and crumble
        
        contain fossils
      - e.g. Kent
    - - photo
      - Sedimentary rocks make up the majority of the UK landscape. in particular, England and Wales are almost entirely covered by sedimentary rocks with London, Nottingham and Cardiff all covered by sedimentary rocks appearing as large clusters. Palaeozoic sedimentary occupy most of the centre of the UK, Wales and the SW of England near Cornwall. Mesozoic covers most of England with some smaller bands of Cenozoic in the S and SE near London. There are some smaller groups of sedimentary rocks in the far N of Scotland
        
        There are small clusters of igneous rocks throughout the UK. Most of the igneous rock is in Scotland and in the north of Northern Ireland. There are a few small clusters of igneous rock in the SW and N of England and in the NW of Wales. There is a large area of igneous rock NW of Belfast and there are groups of igneous rocks throughout Scotland, but most of them are in the S of Scotland near Edinburgh
        
        Apart from a few very small clusters in Wales and Cornwall, all of the metamorphic rock in the UK is in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The majority of the metamorphic rock is in the N of Scotland, in the highlands with some also on the islands near Scotland. There are a few large bands of metamorphic rock in the North of Northern Ireland
- - - - Dartmoor
        
        diagram
        
        Dartmoor is an example of an upland landscape formed when a massive dome of magma developed underground 290 million years ago - these domes of magma are called batholiths. as it cooled and contracted to form granite, cracks known as joints developed. these joints are weaker and more vulnerable to weathering, particularly freeze-thaw, where the repeated freezing, expanding and thawing of water causes fragments of rock to become detached. over time, as the granite became exposed on the surface, jagged stacks of rock with fewer joints are left behind. these landforms are referred to as tors, which are often surrounded by clitter slopes - large areas of countryside covered in fragments of igneous rock. the tors continue to change from influence of freeze-thaw and chemical weathering
      - Malham
        
        diagram
        
        areas of large limestone pavements exist across vast areas of the Yorkshire Dales. due to weathering and erosion, the limestone pavement evolves into a complex arrangement of large limestone fragments separated by deep cracks. Cracks are formed by acidic rainwater chemically dissolving the calcium carbonate limestone, historically this was done by glacial meltwater, more recently rainwater. the huge limestone blocks left behind are called clints and the large cracks separating the clints are called grykes
      - North and South Downs
        
        diagram
        
        around 75 million years ago, Britain was covered by warm, tropical seas; this resulted in marine deposits which created the chalk foundations for the N and S Downs. 30 million years ago, as two tectonic plates moved towards each other, the compacted layers of the sediment were forced upwards, creating a giant, chalk covered dome
        over many years, water eroded the chalk, revealing older, softer clays beneath, which form The Weald, the area of land between the N and S Downs. The edged of the chalk dome remain exposed, and these form the N and S Downs upland areas. the gentle slopes that lead up to the Downs are called dip slopes and the steep sloped that separate the Downs from the lowland between are called scarp slopes or escarpments. the chalk hills are permeable, however the clay between is impermeable, so natural water springs feature here (spring line settlements formed)
    - - Freese-Thaw Weathering - water repeatedly freezes + expands in joints/cracks leading to widening of cracks - UK has experienced intense freeze-thaw because:
        
        lots of rainfall
        
        cold winters
        
        high diurnal temperatures - warm days/cold nights, high range of temperatures throughout the day
        
        Scree Slopes form when angular fragments of rock accumulate as a result of freeze thaw
        
        Glaciers - Erosion - 10,000 years ago the UK was covered in ice, shaping the landscape
        
        Plucking - where individual rocks are pulled away from the valley floor or sides as they stick to the surface of the ice - rocks freeze to the glacier and are ripped off when it moves
        
        Abrasion - where sediment already being carried by the glacier are scraped against the valley sides
        
        The main landforms caused by glacial erosion are:
        
        large U shaped valleys
        
        corries (large hollows in a mountain side which show where a glacier began