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Reactions to the Industrialization - Coggle Diagram
Reactions to the Industrialization
Characteristics of Industrialization:
Growth of technology.
Preindustrial societies
Indian cotton became available in Britain.
Development of cottage industry.
Agricultural improvements
Crop rotation.
Increase of productivity.
Seed drill.
Alternatives:
Karl Marx:
Socialist.
Wanted to confronto problems, not escape them.
"Scientific Socialism" - his approaches to economics.
Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engles): "capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it produced tremendous wealth, but it also produced needless poverty and misery"
The cause of the contradiction to capitalism:
Proletariat and bourgeoisie division.
Socialism is a replacement for Capitalism - later to become communism.
Intellectual Reaction:
John Stuart Mill (philosopher):
Against capitalism - said it was inhumane.
Championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor, and ensure safe working conditions in factories.
His ideas were greatly criticized at the time, later to be adopted by industrial societies.
Utilitarism: "the greatest good for the greatest number of people."
Didn't want to replace capitalism, but address the problems within it.
Ottoman Response to Industrialization:
Reform efforts in China:
Resistance to Reform in Japan:
Samurai were no longer fighting men.
Their code of conduct, bushido, was now a personal matter and not government condoned.
Some samurai still worked for the government, but as elder statesmen.
Rise and Decline of Liberalization:
New schools improved literacy rates.
What caused Industrialization to start:
Adam Smith Scottish
Figure of the Industrial Revolution.
After Enlightment's new ideas:
New technologies rechaping society.
Environmental effects:
Industrialization was moved by fossil fuels.
Since coal burned more than wood, it was worst for the environment.
In the 19th century the Industrial towns were full with toxic air.
The factories were coal burning based.
The respiratory problems in cities populations were caused by Smog from categories.
Smog: a mixture of smoke and fog produced by factories.
Many factories dumped their waste in rivers, lakes, and steams - polluting the water.
Many serious diseases were infecting a big part of the population.
Social Hierarchy:
The spread of industrialization caused the emergence of new classes.
Bottom of the pyramid (working class): people who worked in factories and coal mining.
Don't need much skill and are easily replacable.
The division of labor and technology of replacable parts deprived workers to craft a complete object.
Middle of the pyramid (white colar): managers - factories and offices, professionals, and business owners.
Top of the pyramid: Industrial and owners of large coorporations.
Capitalists: overshadowed the land aristocrats and became the power leaders and brokers of modern society.
Life:
Women:
Working class:
Worked in coal mines.
Primary laborers in textile factories.
Factory owners:
Would hire other women because they "cost less" than a man.
Middle class:
Lived a more limited life than working class.
Were spread around the factories.
Work to provide for their familie.
Housewife - if her husband was able to take care of the family.
Ideal life for them - was really propaganized.
Children:
Child labor.
Had their lungs damaged by the dust of machinery.
Children at age 5 were forced to work.
Were used to climb into the equipment to either repair them or tight spots in mines.
Those who worked in mines had a more difficult time than those who worked in the mills.
Worker Rights:
Reformers desired to achieve a better condition for workers
This reform caused benefits for everyone specially for children that were no longer allowed to work in extreme conditions (no more child labor)
Workers unions became very powerful and by 1832, 1867 and 1884 the British parliament started allowing people who owned property to vote.
At first the workers had extreme conditions and worked for many hours in dangerous situations
Features of Capitalism (new tech, developments, concepts):
The productions of steel was possible because of the Basmeer process.
The first commecial well was built in the mid 1800s
Petroleum (fossil fuel): same function of coal - make energy.
Kerosane (in petroleum) was really important because it was used for lighting and heaters.
Petroleum led to other developments such as precision machinery and the internal combustion energy.
Power station began production in London (1882)
This electricity led to street lighting and electric street trains.
Electricity and new technologies = advances in communication.
Phones - By Thomas Edison.
Radio - By Gugliemo Marconi
Transcontinental Railroad made it easier for US industrial growth - connected the Pacific and Atlantic oceans
Helped intensify industrialization in other countries such as: Great Britain and Germany.
Steamships and telegraphs opened exploration and development of interior cities.
Effect on business:
Corporations and manufacturer = minise the risk in business world.
Stockholders = people who bought partial ownership directly from the company or through stock market.
Monopoly = powerful companies who eliminated competition.
Transnational companies = companies that acted across national boundaries.
Banking and finance.
Consumerism increased.